https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD1152-HQPA.html Phosphoinositides (PIs) are relatively rare lipid components of the cellular membranes. Their homeostasis is tightly controlled by specific PI kinases and PI phosphatases. PIs play essential roles in cellular signaling, cytoskeletal organization, and secretory processes in various diseases and normal physiology. Gene targeting experiments strongly suggest that in mice with deficiency of several PI phosphatases, such as Pten, Mtmrs, Inpp4b, and Inpp5b, spermatogenesis is affected, resulting in partial or complete infertility. Similarly, in men, loss of several of the PI phosphatases is observed in infertility characterized by the lack of mature sperm. Using available gene expression databases, we compare the expression of known PI phosphatases in various testicular cell types, infertility patients, and mouse age-dependent testicular gene expression, and discuss their potential roles in testis physiology and spermatogenesis.Perception of, and synchronization to, auditory rhythms is known to be more accurate than with flashing visual rhythms. The motor system is known to play a role in the processing of timing information for auditory rhythm perception, but it is unclear if the motor system plays the same role for visual rhythm perception. One demonstrated component of auditory rhythm perception is neural entrainment at the frequency of the auditory rhythm. In this study, we use EEG to measure the entrainment of both auditory and visual rhythms from the motor cortex while subjects either tapped in synchrony with or passively attended to the presented rhythms. To isolate activity from motor cortex, we used independent component analysis to first separate out neural sources, then selected components using a combination of component topography, dipole location, mu activation, and beta modulation. This process took advantage of the fact that tapping activity results in reduced mu power, and characteristic beta modulati