https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cenicriviroc.html % CI, 0.16-0.37). Higher ratios were associated with higher rates of arthroplasty procedures among beneficiaries with dementia (r = 0.36; 95% CI, 0.25-0.46), peripheral vascular disease (r = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.42-0.61), and skin ulcers (r = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.32-0.53), which are relative contraindications to arthroplasty. Conclusions and Relevance Substantial regional variation in rates of total knee arthroplasty remained after adjustment for patient characteristics. Coexistence of high observed to expected ratios and high rates among patients at greater surgical risk suggested overuse of knee arthroplasty in some regions.Importance Atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) are often used off-label to manage dementia-associated neuropsychiatric symptoms. In 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a boxed warning for the use of AAPs in elderly patients. The long-term association of this warning with health outcomes is unknown to date. Objective To assess the long-term association of the 2005 FDA boxed warning on AAPs with psychiatric medication and opioid use, health events, and quality of life among elderly individuals with dementia. Design, Setting, and Participants For this cross-sectional study, data were analyzed from the household component of the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS), and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS) fielded between January 1, 1996, and December 31, 2014. This interrupted time-series analysis applied to 3-year moving means derived from the 1996-2014 MEPS, NAMCS, and NHAMCS. All survey respondents included in this percentage points), antiepileptic use (-0.42 to 1.21 percentage points), cardiovascular events (-0.13 to 1.30 percentage points), and 2-year mortality risk (-0.68 to 0.18 percentage points) increased. Health-related quality of life remained relatively unchanged. The NAMCS and NHAMCS sample yielde