https://www.selleckchem.com/MEK.html Additional medical costs were calculated costs of hygiene, medication, length of stay and intensive care unit costs, based on a Brazilian University Hospital costs. CDI prevalence was considered 22.64%. From laboratory-assisted tests, simultaneous glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and toxin A/B rapid immunoassay arbitrated by nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) presented the lowest cost of illness (450,038.70 USD), whereas standalone NAAT had the highest (523,709.55 USD). Empirical diagnosis only presented the highest overall cost (809,605.44 USD). The two-step algorithm with simultaneous GDH and toxin A/B rapid immunoassay arbitrated by NAAT seems to be the best strategy for CDI diagnosis in developing countries. The two-step algorithm with simultaneous GDH and toxin A/B rapid immunoassay arbitrated by NAAT seems to be the best strategy for CDI diagnosis in developing countries.Fishes respond to different abiotic and biotic stressors through changes in gene expression as a part of an integrated physiological response. Transcriptomics approaches have been used to quantify gene expression patterns as a reductionist approach to understand responses to environmental stressors in animal physiology and have become more commonly used to study wild fishes. We argue that non-lethal sampling for transcriptomics should become the norm for assessing the physiological status of wild fishes, especially when there are conservation implications. Processes at the level of the transcriptome provide a "snapshot" of the cellular conditions at a given time; however, by using a non-lethal sampling protocol, researchers can connect the transcriptome profile with fitness-relevant ecological endpoints such as reproduction, movement patterns and survival. Furthermore, telemetry is a widely used approach in fisheries to understand movement patterns in the wild, and when combined with transcriptional profiling, provides arguably the most powerful use of non