https://www.selleckchem.com/products/chaetocin.html We reviewed and extracted authors, publication date, type of study, sample size, results, themes, and quotes and included these data elements in the analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS We used a thematic synthesis technique to review the qualitative data, entered codes into NVivo software, and compared codes to create descriptive themes. From these descriptive themes, we generated four analytic themes Learning to Parent a Hospitalized Infant, Stress and Anxiety, Health Care Providers as Gatekeepers, and NICU Environment. CONCLUSION The four themes identified in this qualitative metasynthesis represent the factors that affect parents' abilities to participate in their infants' pain management. Further research is recommended to develop interventions that address these factors to optimize parents' participation in pain management for their infants during procedures in the NICU. BACKGROUND As of March 18, 2020, 13 415 confirmed cases and 120 deaths related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in mainland China, outside Hubei province-the epicentre of the outbreak-had been reported. Since late January, massive public health interventions have been implemented nationwide to contain the outbreak. We provide an impact assessment of the transmissibility and severity of COVID-19 during the first wave in mainland Chinese locations outside Hubei. METHODS We estimated the instantaneous reproduction number (Rt) of COVID-19 in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, Wenzhou, and the ten Chinese provinces that had the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 cases; and the confirmed case-fatality risk (cCFR) in Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Wenzhou, and all 31 Chinese provinces. We used a susceptible-infectious-recovered model to show the potential effects of relaxing containment measures after the first wave of infection, in anticipation of a possible second wave. FINDINGS In all selected cities and provinces, the Rt decreased substantially since Ja