These findings are important for understanding the human health toxicity from the use of cigarillos relative to cigarettes and for building upon knowledge regarding harm from cigarillos to inform risk mitigation strategies.
  Falls in later life that require admission to hospital have well-established consequences for future disability and health. The likelihood and severity of a fall will result from the presence of one or more risk factors. The aim of this study is to examine risk factors identified for their ability to prevent falls and to assess whether they are associated with hospital admission after a fall.
 
  Analyses of data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA), a prospective cohort study. In a sample of 3,783 men and women over 60 years old, a range of potential risk factors measured at wave 4 (demographic, social environment, physical and mental functioning) were examined as predictors of fall-related hospitalisations, identified using International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) code from linked hospital records in the UK. Subdistribution hazard models were used to account for competing risk of death.
 
  Several risk factors identified by previous work were confirmed. Suffering from urinary incontinence (SHR=1.49; 95% CI 1.14, 1.95) and osteoporosis (SHR=1.48; 95% CI 1.05, 2.07) which are not commonly considered at an early stage of screening, were found to be associated with hospital admission after a fall. Both low and moderate levels of physical activity were also found to somewhat increase the risk of hospital admission after a fall.
 
  Several predictors of having a fall, severe enough to require hospital admission, have been confirmed. In particular, urinary incontinence should be considered at an earlier point in the assessment of risk.
 Several predictors of having a fall, severe enough to require hospital admission, have been confirmed. In particular, urinary incontinence should be considered at an earlier point in the assessment of risk.
  Teduglutide use in pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome can aid in the achievement of enteral autonomy, but with a price of >$400,000 per y.
 
  The current study evaluated the cost-effectiveness of using teduglutide in conjunction with offering intestinal transplantation in US pediatric patients with short bowel syndrome.
 
  A Markov model was used to evaluate the costs (in US dollars) and effectiveness [in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs)] of using teduglutide compared with offering intestinal transplantation. Parameters were estimated from published data where available. The primary effect modeled was the probability of weaning from parenteral nutrition while on teduglutide. Sensitivity analyses were performed on all model parameters.
 
  Compared with offering only intestinal transplantation, adding teduglutide cost $\$$124,353/QALY gained. Reducing the cost of the medication by 16% allowed the cost to reach the typical benchmark of $\$$100,000/QALY gained. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis favored transplantation without offering teduglutide in 68% of iterations at a $\$$100,000/QALY threshold. Never using teduglutide created an opportunity cost of over $\$$100,000 per patient.
 
  At its current price, teduglutide does not provide a cost-effective addition to transplantation in the treatment of pediatric short bowel syndrome. Further work should look to identify cost-reducing strategies, including alternative dosing regimens.
 At its current price, teduglutide does not provide a cost-effective addition to transplantation in the treatment of pediatric short bowel syndrome. Further work should look to identify cost-reducing strategies, including alternative dosing regimens.Pollinators provide a key ecosystem service vital for the survival and stability of the biosphere. Identifying factors influencing the plant-pollinator mutualism and pollinator management is necessary for maintaining a healthy ecosystem. Since healthy beehives require substantial amounts of carbohydrates (nectar) and protein (pollen) from forage plants such as clover, we must assess how resources offered by plants change under limited water conditions in order to fully understand how drought modifies the pollination mutualism. Here we document how reduced water availability leads to decreased nectar quality and quantity and decreased protein quality of pollen. Furthermore, we provide conclusive evidence that these lower quality resources lead to decreased survival and productivity in both developing honey bees (Hymenoptera Apidae) and bumble bees (Hymenoptera Apidae). The results emphasize the importance of the nutritional effects of reduced water on bees when predicting shifts of pollination mutualisms under climate change.
  The present study examined the measurement quality and performance of an abbreviated Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6) in three ethnic groups (Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese) of older Asian Americans, addressing both within- and cross-group validations.
 
  We selected 605 participants aged 50 or above (242 Chinese, 150 Koreans, 213 Vietnamese) from the 2015 Asian American Quality of Life (AAQoL) survey, conducted with self-identified Asian Americans aged 18 or above living in central Texas. We analyzed LSNS-6 data on measurement qualities (internal consistency and corrected item-total correlation), dimensionality (exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses), and correlations with other indicators.
 
  LSNS-6 showed very good internal consistency in each ethnic group, and the two-factor structure of family and friends were invariant across the groups. The items on friends demonstrated greater homogeneity than those on family and emerged as a first factor. Both subscale and total scores of LSNS-6 were associated in expected directions with the social and health indicators considered.
 
  The findings confirm the measurement qualities of LSNS-6 within each group and provide support for measurement invariance across the groups. While the observed difference in family and friend networks warrants further investigation, LSNS-6 serves as a viable option for the assessment of social networks. When using LSNS-6 with older Asian Americans, it is highly recommended to use the family/friend subscales in consideration of cultural and immigration contexts.
 The findings confirm the measurement qualities of LSNS-6 within each group and provide support for measurement invariance across the groups. While the observed difference in family and friend networks warrants further investigation, LSNS-6 serves as a viable option for the assessment of social networks.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CX-3543.html  When using LSNS-6 with older Asian Americans, it is highly recommended to use the family/friend subscales in consideration of cultural and immigration contexts.