Background Tuberculosis (TB) still remains endemic worldwide making epidemiological studies essential to mitigating efforts implicated in identifying its source, controlling, and preventing the spread of dangerous strains amongst humans such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Methods In this study, we sought to determine the 6 Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Unit-Variable-Number Tandem Repeat (MIRU-VNTR) loci with high discriminatory powers for Mtb genotyping as well as the loci with the highest and the lowest discriminatory powers for MIRU-VNTR. To conduct our search, we used several databases such as science direct, Embase (Elsevier), Web of Science, Scopus and Medline via PubMed. Searches were performed using key words including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, MIRU-VNTR, Allele diversity, Genetic diversity and human patient. Finally, 56 articles were selected after filtering out titles, abstracts and full texts. Results Loci with high discriminatory powers included MIRU10 and MIRU26, while MIRU2, MIRU20, MIRU24 and ETRD had poor discriminatory powers. According to previous data in the literature, the loci MIRU10, MIRU26, MIRU40, QUB 26, QUB 11b and Mtub21 have high discriminatory powers. Conclusion Therefore, these loci recommended for genotyping Mtb to save time and cost and to ensure the production of reliable results.Background Sex selection of sperm by separating X- and Y-chromosome bearing spermatozoa is critical for efficiently obtaining the desired sex of animal offspring in the livestock industry. The purpose of this study was to produce a goat polyclonal antibody (pAb) against the bovine Sex Determining Region Y chromosome (bSRY) to separate female- and male-bearing spermatozoa. Methods To produce a goat polyclonal antibody against bSRY, a female goat was subcutaneously immunized with 27 kDa of recombinant bSRY (rbSRY) protein as the antigen.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/resatorvid.html  The anti-bSRY pAb was purified by ion-exchange chromatography. The purity of the pAb was determined using the SDS-PAGE method. The biological activity of the anti-bSRY pAb was examined using PCR to assess the binding affinity of pAb for the bSRY antigen and commercially sexed bull sperm. Results The total amount of purified anti-bSRY pAb was approximately 650 mg/goat serum (13 mg/mL). Interestingly, our data showed that the binding affinity of our pAb to the Y bearing was high, while the binding affinity of that to the X-chromosome bearing sperm was similar to the negative control. Conclusion In conclusion, our findings show that the goat anti-SRY pAb specifically binds to Y-chromosome bearing sperm that suggesting its potential use for sex selection.Background Inappropriate activation of the proto-oncogene LIN28B and inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor, have been shown to have a critical role in tumorigenesis. Previous research has shown therapeutic potential for the use of herbal plants as an alternative strategy for cancer treatment. Achillae wilhelmsii C. Koch is a plant that has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effect of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch hydroalcoholic extract (AWHE) on HeLa cervical cancer cells and its effect on LIN28B and p53 expression. Methods The cytotoxic activity of AWHE was evaluated on HeLa cells using a trypan blue exclusion assay. The Annexin V/PI double staining assay was used to evaluate the apoptosis-inducing effect of the extract. The expression of LIN28B and p53 mRNA was measured using the real-time-PCR method. Results Treatment with AWHE was shown to induce cytotoxicity in both time and concentration-dependent manners (P less then 0.05). The proposition of HeLa cells undergoing apoptosis increased with increasing concentrations of AWHE (P less then 0.05). The mRNA levels of p53 increased following 12, 24, and 48 hours of AWHE treatment whereas the mRNA levels of LIN28B were significantly decreased after 4 to 12 hours of AWHE treatment (p less then 0.05). Conclusion Our findings confirmed the pro-apoptotic function of AWHE on the cervical cancer HeLa cell line. This indicates that targeting the LIN28B signaling cascade may be a promising therapeutic strategy for cervical cancer. Further research is required to understand the therapeutic effects of AWHE in primary human cervical cancer cells and a pre-clinical cervical cancer model.Background Blocking of gp41 of HIV virus, which is involved in the virus entry has been introduced as an effective strategy against HIV infection. In this study we used phage display technology to select specific single chain antibody (scFv) against gp41 HIV for its application in clinical use. Methods Single chain antibodies against an epitope located in C- terminal part of gp41 were selected using the panning process which enriched a phage antibody display library of scFv. Following panning, 20 clones were amplified by PCR and fingerprinted. To test the specificity of the selected antibodies phage ELISA was performed. Results PCR of the library clones demonstrated the presence of VH-linker-VL inserts. Fingerprinting of the clones showed a diverse library with different patterns. Fingerprinting of selected clones after panning revealed two specific single chain antibodies with frequency of 25% and 20%. These clones were preserved for further investigations. Phage ELISA results showed specificity of the two scFvs against the immunodominant epitope of gp41. The absorbance of the scFv1 and scFv2 were 0.72 and 0.63 while the absorbance of the no peptide were 0.18 and 0.12, respectively. Conclusion In this study we successfully selected two specific recombinant antibodies against gp41. These libraries are human antibodies with high affinity and specificity and have the potential to be used for diagnosis and treatment. Further investigations are needed to show the effects of the antibodies in vitro and in vivo.Background Immunotherapies using monoclonal antibodies against influenza A hemagglutinin (HA) has been an effective means for controlling Influenza spread. An alternative method for viral prophylaxis and treatment is the development of human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies with no human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response and high specificity. In the present study, two highly conserved sequences of HA were used to select specific neutralizing scFvs against H3N2 strain of influenza A virus. Methods Biopanning process was performed to isolate specific scFv antibodies against highly conserved HA sequences, aa173-181 and 227-239, of the influenza A H3N2 strain from a scFv library. The peptide-binding specificity of the selected clones was examined via phage ELISA. The soluble forms of the clones were prepared and assessed using western blot analysis and neutralization efficiency of the selected clones were examined by TCID50 neutralizing assay and real-time PCR. Results scFv 1 and scFv 2 were selected against HA of H3N2 influenza A virus with frequencies of 95% and 30% in the panning process, respectively.