https://www.selleckchem.com/products/rk-24466.html We investigate a model formulated in terms of the network of discrete chemomechanical states of a ribosome during the elongation stage of translation. The model is analyzed using a combination of stochastic thermodynamic and kinetic analysis based on a graph-theoretic approach. We derive the exact solution of the corresponding master equations. We represent the steady state in terms of the cycles of the underlying network and discuss the energy transduction processes. We identify the various possible modes of operation of a ribosome in terms of its average velocity and mean rate of GTP hydrolysis. We also compute entropy production as functions of the rates of the interstate transitions and the thermodynamic cost for accuracy of the translation process.We study the joint probability distributions of separation R and radial component of the relative velocity V_R of particles settling under gravity in a turbulent flow. We also obtain the moments of these distributions and analyze their anisotropy using spherical harmonics. We find that the qualitative nature of the joint distributions remains the same as no-gravity case. Distributions of V_R for fixed values of R show a power-law dependence on V_R for a range of V_R; the exponent of the power law depends on the gravity. Effects of gravity are also manifested in the following ways (a) Moments of the distributions are anisotropic; degree of anisotropy depends on particle's Stokes number, but does not depend on R for small values of R. (b) Mean velocity of collision between two particles is decreased for particles having equal Stokes numbers but increased for particles having different Stokes numbers. For the later, collision velocity is set by the difference in their settling velocities.We investigate macroscopic two-fluid effects in magnetorheological fluids generalizing a one-fluid model studied before. In the bulk of the paper we use a model in which the carrier flui