https://www.selleckchem.com/products/qnz-evp4593.html 8% to 49.8% (geometric mean). UF + QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit provided the second highest φ6 recovery of 6.4% to 35.8%. The comparable φ6 recovery was observed for UF + TRIzol (13.8-30.0%). PEG + QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit provided only 1.4% to 3.0% of φ6 recovery, while coliphage MS2, a surrogate for nonenveloped viruses, was recovered comparably with PEG + TRIzol. This indicated that the nonenveloped surrogate (MS2) did not necessarily validate the efficient recovery for enveloped viruses. EMV + QIAamp Viral RNA Mini Kit provided significantly different φ6 recovery (1.6-21%) among the types of raw sewage. Then, the applicability of modified PEG + TRIzol was examined for the raw sewage collected in Tokyo, Japan. Of the 12 grab samples, 4 were positive for SARS-CoV-2 CDC N1 and N3 assay. Consequently, PEG + TRIzol provided the highest φ6 recovery and allowed for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from raw sewage.The Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) facility simulates future high CO2 environment in an open field, and is considered the best approach to assess the actual response of crop production to climate change. This meta-analysis synthesizes all studies conducted under FACE conditions on rice yield response to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and its interaction with cultivar, nitrogen application rate and temperature. On average, elevated [CO2] enhanced rice yield by 16.2%, which resulted from positive response of each yield component. The yield enhancement by elevated [CO2] of hybrid rice (24.7%) was significantly greater than conventional rice (14.2%), and among conventional rice cultivars, indica rice had a larger yield response (20.4%) than japonica rice (12.7%). The superior performance of hybrid and indica rice under FACE conditions was mainly attributed to the larger increase in spikelet density. The response of rice yield to elevated [CO2] varied with nitrogen supply. The maximum increase of 21