In this study, eco-friendly and disposable paper-based membraneless microfluidic enzymatic fuel cells (EFCs) were developed without any mediators to reduce the toxicity and cost of EFCs. Glucose oxidase and laccase were immobilized on multi-walled carbon nanotube electrodes to catalyze the redox reaction of glucose and oxygen. Micromachining techniques well-suited for mass production were used to precisely fabricate micro-scale Y-shaped and cross-shaped EFCs. Experimental measurements showed that the concentration of glucose in the fuel solution affects the cell performance, which occurs because the flow speed of the fuel stream decreases as the concentration of glucose increases. The highest performance of power density (104.2 ± 3.35 μW cm-2) and current density (615.6 ± 3.14 μA cm-2) were obtained with the Y-shaped channel configuration at a glucose concentration of 100 mM. This performance is the best of all paper-based single EFCs reported to date. The new paper-based co-laminar flow mediatorless EFC exhibits strong potential to power miniaturized and portable on-site diagnostic devices.Abnormal blood uric acid (UA) levels can lead to its crystallization in the joints, consequently resulting in gout. Accurate detection of UA in the blood is imperative for the early diagnosis of gout. However, electrochemical UA biosensors are vulnerable to antioxidants in the blood, limiting accurate UA detection. To address this issue, we focused on the function of uric acid transporter 1 (URAT1), which is selectively permeable to UA. URAT1 is abundant in the kidney cell membrane (KCM). To apply URAT1 to a sensor, we developed a KCM-coated UA biosensor (called the KCM sensor) that could selectively detect UA through URAT1. The KCM coating in the fabricated KCM sensor was verified via scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and confocal microscopy. The KCM sensor enabled the detection of UA in the range of 0-1000 μM, with a limit of detection of 8.5 μM, suggesting that it allows the diagnosis of the early stages of gout. On the other hand, the UA permeability of the KCM sensor was significantly reduced in the presence of a URAT1 inhibitor, implying that URAT1 is a key factor for UA detection. The selectivity of the KCM sensor was demonstrated by measuring the amount for UA in the presence of various antioxidants. Finally, the KCM sensor was capable of measuring UA in human serum and was reproducible with 0.5-1.6% deviation. The UA permeability and selectivity of the KCM sensor were maintained even after 3 weeks of storage.The ENCODE and genome-wide association projects have shown that much of the genome is transcribed into RNA and much less is translated into protein. These and other functional studies suggest that the druggable transcriptome is much larger than the druggable proteome. This review highlights approaches to define druggable RNA targets and structure-activity relationships across genomic RNA. Binding compounds can be identified and optimized into structure-specific ligands by using sequence-based design with various modes of action, for example, inhibiting translation or directing pre-mRNA splicing outcomes. In addition, strategies to direct protein activity against an RNA of interest via chemically induced proximity is a burgeoning area that has been validated both in cells and in preclinical animal models, and we describe that it may allow rapid access to new avenues to affect RNA biology. These approaches and the unique modes of action suggest that more RNAs are potentially amenable to targeting than proteins.Craniofacial skeletal anomalies are among the most common structural birth defects around the world. Various studies using human populations and experimental animals have shown that genetic and environmental factors play significant roles in the causation and progression of these anomalies. Environmental factors, such as teratogens and toxin mixtures, induce craniofacial anomalies are gaining heightened attention. Among experimental investigations, the use of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been increasing. A major reason for the increased use is that the zebrafish boast a simple craniofacial structure, and facial morphogenesis is readily observed due to external fertilization and transparent embryo, making it a valuable platform to screen and identify environmental factors involved in the etiology of craniofacial skeletal malformation. This review provides an update on harmful effects from exposure to environmental chemicals, involving metallic elements, nanoparticles, persistent organic pollutants, pesticides and pharmaceutical formulations on craniofacial skeletal development in zebrafish embryos. The collected data provide a better understanding for induction of craniofacial skeletal anomalies and for development of better prevention strategies.The effect of ultrasound on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoids, Maillard products and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys was studied. Three multifloral honeys (M), one monofloral (MO) and one honeydew (HD) honey were used.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/crt0066101-dihydrochloride.html  Ultrasound was performed at 42 kHz for different times (0, 5, 10 and 15 min). The antibacterial activities were tested against Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In all honeys, the parameters analyzed had significant differences ((P less then 0.05)). After 15 min of ultrasound the HD had increments of 44 mg of gallic acid/100 g of honey in phenols, and some M showed increase in flavonoids (5.64 mg of quercitin /100 g of honey) and improvement in inhibition against Salmonella typhimurium was 13.1%. In some honeys the correlation between phenols or flavonoids and antibacterial activity were significant ((P less then 0.05)). No correlation was found between Maillard products and antibacterial activity. The ultrasound treatment effect on the crystal size, phenols, flavonoid, Maillard products, and antibacterial activity of crystallized honeys were different in each honey.Tea cultivars possessing purple shoots have attracted global interest. In order to gain a better understanding of the major chemical constituents responsible for the purple colouration, we applied widely targeted metabolomics to investigate the pigmented flavonoids of freeze-dried purple-coloured tea leaves (PTLs) in comparison with green-coloured tea leaves (GTLs). Thirty-three anthocyanins were identified, and delphinidin 3-O-galactoside and cyanidin 3-O-galactoside were found to be the most abundant in PTLs. A total of 226 metabolites including 193 flavonoids and 33 tannins were identified, and the methylated, acylated, and glycosylated flavonoids differed significantly between PTLs and GTLs. Moreover, significant differences (p 10 mg/g). These results suggest that structurally modified anthocyanins and major potential co-pigmented flavonoids are the chemicals primarily responsible for the purple colouration of the tea leaves.