In addition, the long-term cycling stability test revealed very good capacity retention (87% at 5 C) and Coulombic efficiencies near unity over 500 cycles.Wafer-scale single-crystal graphene film directly grown on insulating substrates via the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method is desired for building high-performance graphene-based devices. In comparison with the well-studied mechanism of graphene growth on transition metal substrates, the lack of understanding on the mechanism of graphene growth on insulating surfaces greatly hinders the progress. Here, by using first-principles calculation, we systematically explored the absorption of various carbon species CHx (x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) on three typical insulating substrates [h-BN, sapphire, and quartz] and reveal that graphene growth on an insulating surface is dominated by the reaction of active carbon species with the hydrogen-passivated graphene edges and thus is less sensitive to the type of the substrate. The dominating gas phase precursor, CH3, plays two key roles in graphene CVD growth on an insulating substrate (i) to feed the graphene growth and (ii) to remove excessive hydrogen atoms from the edge of graphene. The threshold reaction barriers for the growth of graphene armchair (AC) and zigzag (ZZ) edges were calculated as 3.00 and 1.94 eV, respectively; thus the ZZ edge grows faster than the AC one. Our theory successfully explained why the circumference of a graphene island grown on insulating substrates is generally dominated by AC edges, which is a long-standing puzzle of graphene growth. In addition, the very slow graphene growth rate on an insulating substrate is calculated and agrees well with existing experimental observations. The comprehensive insights on the graphene growth on insulating surfaces at the atomic scale provide guidance on the experimental design for high-quality graphene growth on insulating substrates.Dysfunction of YEATS-domain-containing MLLT1, an acetyl/acyl-lysine dependent epigenetic reader domain, has been implicated in the development of aggressive cancers. Mutations in the YEATS domain have been recently reported as a cause of MLLT1 aberrant reader function. However, the structural basis for the reported alterations in affinity for acetylated/acylated histone has remained elusive. Here, we report the crystal structures of both insertion and substitution mutants present in cancer, revealing significant conformational changes of the YEATS-domain loop 8. Structural comparison demonstrates that not only did such alteration alter the binding interface for acetylated/acylated histones, but the sequence alterations in the loop in T1 mutant may enable dimeric assembly consistent with inducing self-association behavior. Nevertheless, we show that also the MLLT1 mutants can be targeted by developed acetyllysine mimetic inhibitors with affinities similarly to wild-type. Our report provides a structural basis for the altered behaviors and a potential strategy for targeting oncogenic MLLT1 mutants.Commercial mucin glycoproteins are routinely used as a model to investigate the broad range of important functions mucins fulfill in our bodies, including lubrication, protection against hostile germs, and the accommodation of a healthy microbiome. Moreover, purified mucins are increasingly selected as building blocks for multifunctional materials, i.e., as components of hydrogels or coatings. By performing a detailed side-by-side comparison of commercially available and lab-purified variants of porcine gastric mucins, we decipher key molecular motifs that are crucial for mucin functionality. As two main structural features, we identify the hydrophobic termini and the hydrophilic glycosylation pattern of the mucin glycoprotein; moreover, we describe how alterations in those structural motifs affect the different properties of mucins-on both microscopic and macroscopic levels. This study provides a detailed understanding of how distinct functionalities of gastric mucins are established, and it highlights the need for high-quality mucins-for both basic research and the development of mucin-based medical products.Bleeding from injuries to the torso region is a leading cause of fatalities in the military and in young adults. Such bleeding cannot be stopped by applying direct pressure (compression) of a bandage. An alternative is to introduce a foam at the injury site, with the expansion of the foam counteracting the bleeding. Foams with an active hemostatic agent have been tested for this purpose, but the barrier created by these foams is generally not strong enough to resist blood flow. In this paper, we introduce a new class of foams with enhanced rheological properties that enable them to form a more effective barrier to blood loss. These aqueous foams are delivered out of a double-barrelled syringe by combining precursors that produce bubbles of gas (CO2) in situ. In addition, one barrel contains a cationic polymer (hydrophobically modified chitosan, hmC) and the other an anionic polymer (hydrophobically modified alginate, hmA). Both these polymers function as hemostatic agents due to their ability to connect blood cells into networks. The amphiphilic nature of these polymers also enables them to stabilize gas bubbles without the need for additional surfactants. hmC-hmA foams have a mousse-like texture and exhibit a high modulus and yield stress.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pd0166285.html  Their properties are attributed to the binding of hmC and hmA chains (via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions) to form a coacervate around the gas bubbles. Rheological studies are used to contrast the improved rheology of hmC-hmA foams (where a coacervate arises) with those formed by hmC alone (where there is no such coacervate). Studies with animal wound models also confirm that the hmC-hmA foams are more effective at curtailing bleeding than the hmC foams due to their greater mechanical integrity.A novel violet emitter, 1,3-bis[10,10-dimethyl-10H-indeno[2,1-b]]indolo[3,2,1-jk]indolo[1',2',3'1,7]indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (m-FLDID), was designed and synthesized by meta-oriented bis-fusion of two 7,7-dimethyl-5,7-dihydroindeno[2,1-b]carbazole (DMID) subunits for use in a pure violet organic light-emitting diode (OLED). Incorporation of the DMID subunits effectively reduced the nonradiative recombination rate, improving the photoluminescence quantum yield of the m-FLDID emitter. The meta-oriented bis-fusion of the two DMID subunits not only triggered an alternative distribution of the frontier orbitals but also effectively locked the π-conjugation chain, which ultimately resulted in a narrow-band, pure violet emission of the m-FLDID emitter. Doped m-FLDID devices possessed an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of > 5%, pure violet emission with a maximum at 407 nm, a narrow full width at half-maximum of 17 nm, and a Commission Internationale de l'éclairage y coordinate of less than 0.03. This is the first work reporting an EQE of > 5% and an extremely narrow emission spectrum for a pure violet emitter.