0 treatment. The presence of this primed state after stress is not permanent as it was no longer present at 35 days post-stress. Finally, mice received either the CGRP monoclonal antibody ALD405 (10 mg/kg) 24 hours prior to SNP or a co-injection of sumatriptan (0.6 mg/kg). ALD405, but not sumatriptan, blocked the facial hypersensitivity due to SNP. This stress paradigm in mice and the subsequent primed state caused by stress, allow further preclinical investigation of mechanisms contributing to migraine, particularly those caused by common triggers of attacks.Objective Women with HIV (WHIV) on ART face an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the context of heightened systemic immune activation. Aortic stiffness, a measure of vascular dysfunction and a robust predictor of CVD outcomes, is highly influenced by immune activation. We compared aortic stiffness among women with and without HIV and examined interrelationships between aortic stiffness and key indices of systemic immune activation. Methods Twenty WHIV on ART and 14 women without HIV group-matched on age and body mass index (BMI) were prospectively recruited and underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, as well as metabolic and immune phenotyping. Results Age and BMI did not differ significantly across groups (age 52±4 vs. 53±6 years; BMI 32±7 vs. 32±7kg/m). Aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV) was higher among WHIV (8.6±1.3 vs. 6.5±1.3m/s, P less then 0.0001), reflecting increased aortic stiffness. Among the whole group and among WHIV, aPWV related to sCD163 levels (whole group R=0.65, P less then 0.0001; WHIVR=0.73, P=0.0003) and to myocardial fibrosis (extracellular volume; whole group R=0.54, P=0.001; WHIVR=0.47, P=0.04). Both HIV status and sCD163 levels independently predicted aPWV, controlling for age, BMI, cigarette smoking status, and systolic blood pressure (HIV statusβ-estimate=0.69, 95%CI[0.1, 1.3], P=0.02; sCD163β-estimate=0.002, 95%CI[0.0006, 0.004], P=0.01). Among WHIV, sCD163 levels independently predicted aPWV controlling for duration of HIV, CD4 count, and HIV viral load (sCD163β-estimate=0.004, 95%CI[0.002, 0.005], P=0.0005). Conclusions Asymptomatic WHIV on ART have increased aortic stiffness as compared with matched control subjects. Among WHIV, aPWV related to heightened monocyte activation (sCD163) as well as to downstream CVD pathology (myocardial fibrosis).Background Optimal management of non-communicable diseases, including Diabetes Mellitus (DM), is crucially important as people with HIV (PWH) live longer with antiretroviral therapy (ART). Our objective was to assess patient-and clinic-level factors associated with achieving a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≤7.0% among PWH and DM. Setting The DC Cohort, an observational clinical cohort of PWH, followed from 2011-2019 at 12 sites in Washington, DC. Methods Among PWH with diagnosed DM and an elevated HbA1c (> 7.0%), we examined the association between achieving an HbA1c ≤7.0% and demographic and clinical factors, including time-updated medication data, and clinic-level factors related to services and structure. A multilevel marginal extended Cox regression model was generated to identify factors associated with time to HbA1c ≤7.0%. Results Over half (52.3%) of 419 participants achieved an HbA1c ≤7.0%. Individual-level factors associated with HbA1c ≤7.0% included a diagnosis of DM after enrollment, and a longer time since HIV diagnosis (HR=2.65 and 1.13, p less then 0.05 for both). Attending a clinic with an endocrinologist was associated with the outcome (aHR=1.41 95%CI [1.01,1.97]). Additionally, comparing clinics that treat everyone, refer everyone, or have a mix of treating and referring, showed an association between attending a clinic that treats everyone (aHR=1.52 95%CI [1.21,1.90]), or a clinic that refers everyone (aHR=2.24 95%CI [1.63,3.07]) compared to clinics with a mix in achieving glycemic control. Conclusion Multiple factors are associated with achieving glycemic control in an urban cohort of PWH. Determining if specific services or structures improve DM outcomes may improve health outcomes for PWH and DM.Objectives Atherosclerosis has been linked with periodontitis in the general population and with persistent immune activation and a high burden of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in HIV patients responding to ART. Here we assess risk factors for cardiovascular changes in younger HIV patients representative of patient populations in Asia. Study design HIV-infected adults (n=82) with 0.05). After 5 years on ART, right and left cIMT were greater in HIV patients with periodontitis (p=0.02, 0.006, resp).  https://www.selleckchem.com/ALK.html  Moreover cIMT values were higher in patients with periodontitis (p=0.05-0.01) than in equivalent controls. Simple linear regressions showed that patients with periodontitis had greater right (p=0.01) and left (p=0.004) cIMT than those without periodontitis. Multiple linear regressions showed that periodontitis and CMV antibody levels optimally predicted poor right and left cIMT (Adjusted R=0.36, p=0.0013; Adjusted R=0.40, p=0.001, respectively). Conclusions Our data identify periodontitis and CMV as independent predictors of atherosclerosis in young adult HIV patients.Lithium, which is used for bipolar disorder, can cause toxicity. There are two categories of lithium toxicity, namely, overdose-related and not overdose-related. However, the treatment and prognosis of each type of toxicity are not clearly understood. We, therefore, compared the clinical characteristics of patients with overdose-related and not overdose-related lithium toxicity. Relevant data were obtained from the medical records of 16 patients with lithium toxicity, and renal function and concomitant medications were retrospectively compared between the two groups. We also compared the treatment for, manifestations of, and duration of hospitalization between the two types of lithium toxicity. The not overdose-related group more frequently had a low creatinine clearance ( less then 50 mL/min) than did the overdose-related group (P = 0.01). Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that creatinine clearance less then 50 mL/min was a significant predictor of lithium toxicity in the not overdose-related group (P = 0.