https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sm-164.html In total, 9 cases of ALRTI due to COVID-19 were recorded 2 moderate bronchiolitis and 7 focal pneumonia; 1 adolescent with comorbidities died due to COVID-19 pneumonia. In 2020, patients were older and had more comorbidities and prior hospitalizations compared to 2019. Focal pneumonia prevailed. In 2020, the rate of hospitalization due to ALRTI decreased significantly compared to 2019, with the absence of seasonal respiratory virus circulation in the pediatric population. In 2020, the rate of hospitalization due to ALRTI decreased significantly compared to 2019, with the absence of seasonal respiratory virus circulation in the pediatric population. The benefits of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) in preterm infants are unclear. This study aimed to explore if noninvasive NAVA is more beneficial for preterm infants than nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP). Meta-analysis was performed in three clinical trials comprising two randomized controlled trials and one crossover study. We compared NIV-NAVA and NCPAP and reported treatment failure, mortality, and adverse events as the primary outcomes. Three studies including 173 patients (89 of whom underwent NIV-NAVA) were eligible for this meta-analysis. This review found no difference in treatment failure between NIVNAVA and NCPAP (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.84; RD 0.02, 95% CI -0.10-0.14; I2=33%, P=0.23). Similarly, there was no difference in mortality (RR 1.52, 95% CI 0.51-4.52, heterogeneity not applicable). Compared with NCPAP, NIVNAVA significantly reduced the use of caffeine (RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.74-0.98, I2=71%, P=0.03). Compared with NCPAP, there is insufficient evidence to conclude on the benefits or harm of NIV-NAVA therapy for preterm infants. The findings of this review should be confirmed using methodologically rigorous and adequately powered clinical trials. Compared with NCPAP, there is insufficient evidence to conclude on the benefits or ha