https://www.selleckchem.com/products/2-nbdg.html Concurrent extrahepatic autoimmune disorders (CEHAID) are frequently observed in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). It is not clear whether there is any prognostic significance of CEHAID on AIH. The aim of this study was to examine the prognostic impact of CEHAID and the correlation with the disease severity of AIH. This study included 65 hospitalized subjects who fulfilled the accepted criteria for AIH during an 8-year period (2009-2016). All records were manually screened for presence of associated autoimmune diseases. Disease severity of AIH was assessed by liver laboratory tests including the ratio of aspartate aminotransferase to alanine aminotransferase (AST/ALT) and liver histology. Among the enrolled patients, 52 (80%) were female (median age 61 years, IQR 45-75). Fifty-six (86.2%) were classified as type-1 AIH. In 26 (40%) patients at least one additional extrahepatic autoimmune disease was diagnosed. Thirty-four subjects were referred to our hospital because of acute presentation of AIH (supposed by sis or different modes of damage. AST/ALT ratio and extent of fibrosis were lower in subjects with AIH and CEHAID, compared to subjects with only AIH. Therefore, the occurrence of CEHAID might be a predictor for lower disease severity of newly diagnosed acute onset AIH, possibly caused by an earlier diagnosis or different modes of damage.A central question for immunology is what does the immune system recognize and according to which principles does this kind of recognition work? Immunology has been dominated by the idea of recognizing molecular structures and triggering an appropriate immune response when facing non-self or danger. Recently, characterizations in terms of function have turned out to be more conserved and explanatory in microbiota research than taxonomic composition for understanding microbiota-host interactions. Starting from a conceptual analysis of the notions of structure and function, I raise the ti