Abstract A loss or lack of blood supply to the eye can result in acute loss of vision. The site of ischemia may be at the level of the retinal arterioles, the central retinal artery, or further back at the ophthalmic and internal carotid artery. Recognizing the symptoms and signs are important to help prevent permanent ischemic and irreversible blindness. The objective of this review article is to provide the general ophthalmologists with information on how to recognize the symptoms and to best manage these patients. The management is to investigate for the cause of the transient monocular visual loss and to apply secondary prevention to address atherosclerotic risk factors to prevent further ischemic events like a stroke.Halogenated ethers, such as desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane, are known to exert an array of effects besides sedation.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Dasatinib.html  However, the postanesthetic effects of desflurane remain undiscovered as no study has explored these effects systematically. Phenotypic screening using behavioral test batteries is a powerful method to identify such effects. In the present study, we behaviorally phenotyped desflurane-treated mice to investigate postanesthetic effects. We applied comprehensive behavioral test batteries measuring sensorimotor functions, anxiety, depression, sociability, attention, and learning abilities, starting 7 days after anesthesia performed with 8.0% desflurane for 6 h. Although our previous study revealed postanesthetic effects of isoflurane in adult mice, in the current study, desflurane-treated mice exhibited no such effects in any behavioral test. To further examine whether desflurane affect behavior in more early time point, we built up a new additional test battery, which carried out 1 day or 3 days after exposure to desflurane. Mice treated with desflurane 1 day before testing showed more slips than other two groups in the first trial, suggesting mild acute side effects of desflurane on motor coordination. These results suggest the safety of desflurane in clinical settings and imply that postanesthetic effects are unique to each halogenated ether.Tardive dyskinesia is a serious, disabling, movement disorder associated with the ongoing use of antipsychotic medication. Current evidence regarding the pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia is mainly based on preclinical animal models and is still not completely understood. The leading preclinical hypothesis of tardive dyskinesia development includes dopaminergic imbalance in the direct and indirect pathways of the basal ganglia, cholinergic deficiency, serotonin receptor disturbances, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, and changes in synaptic plasticity. Although, the role of the glutamatergic system has been confirmed in preclinical tardive dyskinesia models it seems to have been neglected in recent reviews. This review focuses on the role and interactions of glutamate receptors with dopamine, acetylcholine, and serotonin in the neuropathology of tardive dyskinesia development. Moreover, preclinical and clinical results of the differentiated effectiveness of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists are discussed with a special focus on antagonists that bind with the GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors. This review also presents new combinations of drugs that are worth considering in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.PRéCIS A survey among members of the American Glaucoma Society and the American Optometry Association on tonometer preference and tonometer disinfection indicates a shift to disposable tonometer tips compared to 1987. Purpose This survey's purpose was to determine how eye care providers responded to the 2008 Centers of Disease Control (CDC) tonometer disinfection guidelines, which recommend 10% hypochlorite (dilute bleach) for reusable tonometers. Tonometers measure the eye pressure when they touch the cornea, an essential part of the eye exam. Methods American Glaucoma Society (AGS) and American Optometry Association (AOA) members were surveyed on tonometer preference, tonometer use, disinfection process, disinfectants, disinfection timing, and tonometer damage. Results Survey responses from 79 AOA members and 197 AGS members are included. The Goldmann tonometer is considered most accurate (70, 89% AOA and 161, 82% AGS). It is preferred by 54 (70%) AOA and 193 (98%) AGS members. Many providers (165) use reusable Goldmann tonometer tips (77, 79% AOA, 88, 45% AGS), and most clean with 70% isopropyl alcohol wipes 59 (77%) AOA and 54 (61%) AGS. In summary, 126 of 276 participants (8, 10% AOA and 118, 60% AGS) follow CDC guidelines by using disposable tips (2 AOA and 109 AGS) or disinfecting reusable tips with 10% hypochlorite (6 AOA and 9 AGS). Conclusion The majority of AGS providers follow current CDC tonometer disinfection guidelines by shifting to disposable Goldmann tonometer tips. Only a minority of providers who use reusable tonometer tips disinfect with dilute bleach. Continued education on proper tonometer disinfection is critical to prevent eye-care related infection due to improper disinfection.The damage of glaucoma has been extensively evaluated at the level of retina and optic nerve head. Many advances have been shown in this field in the last decades. Recent studies have also proved degenerative changes in the brain involving intracranial optic nerve, lateral geniculate nucleus, and visual cortex. Moreover, these brain abnormalities are also correlated with clinical, optic nerve head, and visual field findings. In this review, we critically evaluate the existing literature studying the use of magnetic resonance imaging in glaucoma and we discuss issues related to how magnetic resonance imaging results should be incorporated into our clinical practice.PRéCIS Micropulse TSCPC is an effective and safe IOP-lowering treatment for patients with primary or secondary glaucoma. Purpose To investigate the 1- and 2-year effect on intraocular pressure (IOP) and safety profile of micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in patients with glaucoma. Methods Glaucoma patients underwent a standardized micropulse TSCPC (MicroPulse P3 probe, Iridex cyclo G6 laser system, Mountain View, U.S.A.) at the University Eye Clinic Maastricht from November 2016 to May 2018. Patients with at least 12 months of follow-up were included. Results A total of 141 eyes of 136 patients were included. Mean age was 67.2±14.5 years, 56.6% of patients were male. The glaucoma subtypes treated were primary glaucoma (n=99) and secondary glaucoma (n=42). Prior glaucoma surgery was performed in 59 of 141 eyes (41.8%). Mean preoperative IOP was 23.5±9.4▒mmHg. Mean postoperative IOP dropped to 16.8±8.4, 17.0±7.8 and 16.8±9.2▒mmHg, after 12, 18 and 24 months, respectively. The mean number of IOP-lowering medications used preoperatively was 3.