BACKGROUND There is a well-established link between area-level socioeconomic deprivation and psychiatric admission rates. Social capital has been proposed as a possible protective factor that may buffer economically deprived communities, but it may be disrupted in areas with high population turnover. This study aims to test whether population turnover, hereafter called churn, moderates the social gradient of psychiatric admissions. METHODS Population churn rates, low income rates and psychiatric admission rates for 1909 lower super output areas in Wales were analysed using Poisson generalised linear mixed-effects models.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/takinib.html  Additional analyses explored the impact of deprivation measured more generally and the potential confound of population density. RESULTS Population churn moderated the association between socioeconomic deprivation and psychiatric admission rates, such that greater social gradients in admission rates were found in areas with greater churn. Economic deprivation and churn were also found to be independently positively associated with admission rates. These relationships remained significant when using a broader measure of deprivation and after adjusting for population density. CONCLUSION High churn appears to exacerbate the detrimental effects of economic deprivation on mental health as well as being a risk factor in its own right. Residential stability rates should be considered when designing and implementing policies which aim to understand, prevent and treat mental health problems in at-risk communities. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.BACKGROUND While social disparities in mortality have been shown in the majority of high-income countries, research on inequalities in the German population is still limited. This applies especially to studies investigating time trends in social inequalities with respect to life expectancy. The aim of this study is to examine income inequalities in life expectancy and whether inequalities have narrowed or widened over time. METHODS The analyses are based on the claims data of a large German health insurance provider, which facilitates the combining of information on individual income and mortality. Life expectancy is calculated separately for three income groups ( less then 60%, 60% to 80% and ≥80% of the average income in Germany) and for sex by applying period life table analyses. Trends are assessed by comparing the time periods 2005-2008 (N = 1 773 122), 2009-2012 (N=1 792 735) and 2013-2016 (N = 1 987 114). RESULTS Trends in life expectancy differed by sex, age and income group. Especially among elderly men, the gap between low- and high-income groups widened over time, disadvantaging men with low incomes. Among women, a slight reduction in inequalities was observed, which was driven by the increases in life expectancy in low-income groups. CONCLUSION Our study shows that not all population subgroups benefitted equally from the continuing rise in life expectancy. The persisting inequalities emphasise the importance of public health efforts concentrating on reducing mortality risks among individuals in lower socioeconomic positions. Special attention should be paid to elderly men with low incomes. Further research is needed on the mechanisms underlying increasing health inequalities over time. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.In this case report, we will discuss three cases of women diagnosed with a periurethral mass. The specific diagnosis of a periurethral mass can vary and includes rare diseases. Therefore, they provide a challenge to medical professionals. All patients underwent diagnostic evaluation with cystoscopy and pelvic MRI followed by surgical removal. Based on the MRI and pathology report, different diagnoses were made for each patient. The three diagnoses will be discussed subpubic cartilaginous cyst, leiomyoma and clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra. Our case report is useful for other medical professionals, and they can evaluate how to optimal approach a periurethral mass. © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Splenic rupture is a potentially life-threatening condition and an uncommon short-term complication of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration. It may present as acute abdominal pain or suddenly precipitously worsening anaemia with haemodynamic instability that requires urgent operative intervention for survival. We present a case of an atraumatic idiopathic splenic rupture in University Hospital, Ayr in a patient who received G-CSF treatment for chemotherapy-induced (methotrexate) pancytopenia and was successfully managed by laparoscopic splenectomy. © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.HAIR-AN-a syndrome of hyperandrogenism (HA), insulin resistance (IR) and acanthosis nigricans (AN)-is a specific subphenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and it is seen in almost 5% of all women with hyperandrogenism. An adolescent girl aged 11 years old was referred with adrenarche, hyperandrogenism and obesity commencing at age 8. Clinical and biochemical investigations confirmed significant hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, and a diagnosis of HAIR-AN syndrome was made after exclusion of other differential diagnoses. HAIR-AN syndrome is an important diagnosis for the adolescent gynaecologist to be aware of, and it requires a multidisciplinary approach, including endocrinology input, for optimal management. Weight loss, lifestyle modification and combined hormonal pill and metformin are considered first-line treatment. © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Compartment syndrome is a common limb-threatening entity in trauma. However, the occurrence of the same in the non-injured limb is rare. It seems to be multifactorial in origin, with abnormal positioning being the most common cause. We present such a case of well-leg compartment syndrome which was treated by an urgent fasciotomy. We emphasise on the fact that the diagnosis of compartment syndrome is clinical and the management remains the same irrespective of whether the limb has sustained an injury or not. © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.