https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ex229-compound-991.html 05). Of the 10 subjects, 3 experienced an EGPA exacerbation during the treatment. One had a severe adverse event, requiring removal from the study. Yielding similar results to other anti-interleukin 5 biologic medications, reslizumab is generally a safe and effective treatment for EGPA that warrants further study. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02947945. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02947945. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of the mechanisms of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). To capture recent articles published since our previous comprehensive review on the pathophysiology of FPIES, we performed a literature search through PubMed database, using the search terms FPIES and food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome from 2016 to the current year. Studies in English containing biomarker or immune data were reviewed and summarized. Studies of peripheral blood fail to exhibit evidence of antigen-specific humoral or cellular immunity underlying clinical reactivity to foods in FPIES. However, growing evidence suggests a robust systemic innate immune activation occurring during FPIES reactions and the activation of neuroendocrine pathways. FPIES reactions are associated with marked activation of innate immune and neuroendocrine pathways; however, the mechanism underlying the specific recognition of foods remains elusive. FPIES reactions are associated with marked activation of innate immune and neuroendocrine pathways; however, the mechanism underlying the specific recognition of foods remains elusive.Effect modification and interaction are important concepts for answering causal questions about interdependent effects of two (or more) exposures on some outcome of interest. Although conceptually alike and often mistakenly regarded as synonymous, effect modification and interaction actually refer to slightly different concepts when considered from a causal p