Lung enzyme activity varies with age, race, smoking status, diet, drug exposure and preexisting lung disease. New experimental technologies to study lung metabolism include tissue engineered models, improved analytical capability and 
  models.
 Drugs can be optimized by molecular modification to (i) reduce systemic exposure using a 'soft drug' approach, (ii) improve bioavailability by resisting metabolism, or (iii) use a prodrug approach to overcome pharmacokinetic limitations. Drugs that are very labile in the lungs may require a protective formulation. Some drug carriers being investigated for PK-modification rely on lung enzymes to trigger drug release or biodegrade. Lung enzyme activity varies with age, race, smoking status, diet, drug exposure and preexisting lung disease. New experimental technologies to study lung metabolism include tissue engineered models, improved analytical capability and in silico models.Background Statins have extensive hepatic metabolism and can have multiple pharmacological interactions. The aim was to identify the main pharmacokinetic interactions between statins and their comedications in a group of patients from Colombia.Research design and methods A cross-sectional study of pharmacokinetic interactions in patients treated with statins who were identified from a population database. The interactions were documented using the Lexicomp® database.Results A total of 123,026 patients with statin prescriptions were identified, with a mean age of 68.4 ± 11.5 years; 57.1% were women, and 81.6% received atorvastatin. A total of 19.4% (n = 23.831) of patients presented pharmacological interactions. Some 15,474 (12.6%) had interactions classified as category C, 7.4% (n = 9077) as category D, and 0.5% (n = 660) as category X. 36.8% of the patients with lovastatin prescriptions had some interaction. Age older than 65 years, male sex, residence in capital cities, comorbidities, endocrine pathologies and HIV were associated with an increase in the probability of having contraindicated or risky interactions.Conclusions Important interactions between statins and other medications were more common in adults over 65 years of age and those with endocrine comorbidities or HIV infection. This knowledge should help when proposing solutions that reduce the risk of adverse reactions.
  Disease prevention and improving vaccination coverage in Europe are key elements contributing to resilient health systems and ensuring better health outcomes for all. The aim of this study was to describe the immunization funding landscape across all European Union 28 countries (EU28).
 
  Data collected in a targeted literature review supported descriptive analysis on the different indicators that were looked at vaccines included in the EU28 national immunization programs (NIP), national immunization funding, immunization funding per capita (2015-2019) and percentage of healthcare budget allocated to immunization.
 
  Immunization funding represents a small proportion of total healthcare spend in Europe (median 0.3%). In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, demographic changes and the potential introduction of new vaccines; the need for adequate financing of immunization programs will be important, to establish resilient immunization systems and provide sustainable protection of the population against vaccine preventable diseases.
 Immunization funding represents a small proportion of total healthcare spend in Europe (median 0.3%). In the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, demographic changes and the potential introduction of new vaccines; the need for adequate financing of immunization programs will be important, to establish resilient immunization systems and provide sustainable protection of the population against vaccine preventable diseases.Introduction Blood group antigens are defined by an immune response that generates antibodies against a red blood cell molecule.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html  Antibodies against these antigens can be associated with hemolytic transfusion reactions. However, difficulties can arise when developing antibodies against antigens through the use of peptide sequences alone. Three-dimensional representations (models) of the molecular structure of antigen-bearing proteins can provide valuable insights into tertiary structures and their consequent antigenicity. This can be achieved through predictive computational modeling to produce both structural and molecular dynamics models of blood group proteins.Areas covered Authors discuss the use of molecular dynamic simulations on existing structures, as well as the use of computational modeling techniques in the development of protein models lacking preexisting data. Finally, the authors discuss specific examples of the use of computationally derived models of the MNS blood group system and its use in attempts to produce antibodies against MNS proteins.Expert opinion Although in silico techniques have limitations, computer-based predictive models can inform the direction of research into blood group proteins. It is to be expected that as computer-based techniques grow more powerful these contributions will be even more significant.
  Hairy cell leukemia-variant (HCL-V) is a rare B-cell neoplasm arising or homing primarily in the spleen. It has been considered in the WHO classification of Hemopoietic and Lymphoid Tumors as a provisional entity since 2008 and included under the umbrella of unclassifiable splenomegalic B-cell leukemia/lymphomas. The diagnosis is a challenge to hematopathologists and management of these patients by the clinicians is difficult due to the lack of diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines and prospective studies.
 
  This manuscript is a comprehensive review of the clinical features, pathology, immunophenotypic profile, genomic alterations and therapeutic options of HCL-V. Diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas are extensively outlined considering the information derived from a literature search covering from 1980 to 2019. Integration of all the data is needed and recommended for establishing the diagnosis of this leukemia.
 
  More extensive information of genomic aberrations underlying the pathogenesis of the disease would be a solid stone for the diagnosis.