of pain in Fabry disease and the pathological effects of α-galactosidase A insufficiency in neurons. Still, it is unclear how pain and sensory abnormalities arise in patients with Fabry disease and how these can be targeted with therapeutics. Our knowledge is limited in part due to the lack of adequate preclinical models to study the disease. This review will detail the types of pain, sensory abnormalities, influence of demographics on pain, and current strategies to treat pain experienced by patients with Fabry disease. In addition, we discuss the current knowledge of Fabry pain pathogenesis and which aspects of the disease preclinical models accurately recapitulate. Understanding the commonalities and divergences between humans and preclinical models can be used to further interrogate mechanisms causing the pain and sensory abnormalities as well as advance development of the next generation of therapeutics to treat pain in patients with Fabry disease.
  It has been proposed that complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a posttraumatic autoimmune disease. Previously, we observed that B cells contribute to CRPS-like changes in a mouse tibia fracture model, and that early (<12 months duration) CRPS patient IgM antibodies have pronociceptive effects in the skin and spinal cord of muMT fracture mice lacking B cells. The current study evaluated the pronociceptive effects of intraplantar or intrathecal injections of early CRPS IgM (5 µg) in muMT fracture mice. Skin and lumbar spinal cord were collected for immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction analyses. Wild-type mice exhibited postfracture increases in complement component C5a and its receptor expression in skin and spinal cord, predominantly on dermal macrophages and spinal microglia. Intraplantar IgM injection caused nociceptive sensitization in muMT fracture mice with increased complement component C1q and inflammatory cytokine expression, and these IgM effects were blocked by a C5a receptor ato activate C5a complement signaling in macrophages and microglia, evoking proinflammatory cytokine expression contributing to nociceptive sensitization in the injured limb.
  Hypoxaemia occurs frequently in infants during anaesthetic induction.
 
  We evaluated the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure during anaesthesia induction on nonhypoxic apnoea time in infants.
 
  Randomised controlled trial.
 
  Tertiary care children's hospital, single centre, from November 2018 to October 2019.
 
  We included patients under 1 year of age receiving general anaesthesia.
 
  We assigned infants to a 7 cmH2O or 0 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure group. Anaesthesia was induced with 0.02 mg kg atropine, 5 mg kg thiopental sodium and 3 to 5% sevoflurane, and neuromuscular blockade with 0.6 mg kg rocuronium. Thereafter, 100% oxygen was provided via face mask with volume-controlled ventilation of 6 ml kg tidal volume, and either 7 cmH2O or no positive end-expiratory pressure.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gf109203x.html  After 3 min of ventilation, the infants' trachea was intubated but disconnected from the breathing circuit, and ventilation resumed when pulse oximetry reached 95%.
 
  The primary outcome was nonhypoxic apnoea time defined as the time from cessation of ventilation to a pulse oximeter reading of 95%, whereas the secondary outcome was the incidence of significant atelectasis (consolidation score ≥2) assessed by lung ultrasound.
 
  Sixty patients were included in the final analysis. Apnoea time in the 7 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure group (105.2 s) increased compared with that in the control group (92.1 s) (P = 0.011, mean difference 13.0 s, 95% CI, 3.1 to 22.9 s). Significant atelectasis was observed in all patients without positive end-expiratory pressure and 66.7% of those with 7 cmH2O positive end-expiratory pressure (P = 0.019, 95% CI, 1.7 to 563.1, odds ratio 31.2).
 
  Positive end-expiratory pressure during anaesthesia induction with face mask ventilation increased nonhypoxic apnoea time in infants.
 
  www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03540940.
 www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03540940.
  Ryanodine receptor type 1 (RYR1) sequence variants are pathogenic for malignant hyperthermia. Variant carriers have a subtle increase in resting myoplasmic calcium concentration compared with nonaffected individuals, but whether this has metabolic effects in daily life is unknown.
 
  We analysed the potential effect of malignant hyperthermia-pathogenic RYR1 sequence variants on BMI as a single factor. Due to the heterogeneity of genetic variants predisposing to malignant hyperthermia, and to incomplete information about their regional distribution, we describe the prevalence of RYR1 variants in our population.
 
  A retrospective cohort study.
 
  A single University hospital.
 
  Patients from malignant hyperthermia families with pathogenic RYR1 sequence variants were selected if BMI was available.
 
  BMI values were compared amongst malignant hyperthermia susceptible (MHS) and malignant hyperthermia-negative individuals using hierarchical multivariable analyses adjusted for age and sex and considering family clusvalence of malignant hyperthermia-pathogenic RYR1 sequence variants, with just three variants covering 75% of Swiss MHS families.
 
  This manuscript is based on a retrospective analysis.
 This manuscript is based on a retrospective analysis.
  High-flow nasal oxygenation (HFNO) for pre-oxygenation in rapid sequence induction (RSI) has only been assessed in volunteer parturients without intubation.
 
  To evaluate the efficacy of HFNO in comparison with the conventional facemask for oxygenation during RSI for caesarean section under general anaesthesia.
 
  Operating room in a tertiary hospital.
 
  Prospective randomised, controlled study.
 
  Thirty-four healthy parturients undergoing general anaesthesia for caesarean section.
 
  Parturients were randomly assigned to HFNO or standard facemask (SFM) group.
 
  The primary outcome measure was the PaO2 immediately after intubation. Secondary outcomes included lowest saturation throughout the intubation procedure, end-tidal oxygen concentration (EtO2) on commencing ventilation, blood gas analysis (pH, PaCO2), fetal outcomes and intubation-related adverse events.
 
  PaO2 in the HFNO group was significantly higher than that in SFM group (441.41 ± 46.73 mmHg versus 328.71 ± 72.80 mmHg, P < 0.0001). The EtO2 concentration in the HFNO group was higher than that in the SFM group (86.