INTRODUCTION Beta-2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) is present in the cells of the respiratory tract, including bronchial smooth muscle cells and bronchial epithelium, and is a target for endogenous catecholamines and drugs used to treat the obstructive lung diseases. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the possible association of the Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms of the ADRB2 gene with asthma and its endophenotypes in the Kazakh population. METHODS A total of 70 asthmatic patients and 80 healthy controls were genotyped for Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu polymorphisms of the ADRB2 gene by using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Statistical analysis was performed with the Graph Pad InStat 7 Software. RESULTS No associations between the asthma patients and healthy individuals were found when the allele and genotype distribution of Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu single nucleotide polymorphisms were compared. Analysis of the haplotype frequencies showed statistically significant differences between patients with asthma and controls for Arg16Gly/Gln27Gln and Arg16Gly/Gln27Glu haplotypes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87-5.16 and OR = 2.25, 95% CI = 0.89-5.67 respectively). The Arg16 allele and Arg16Arg genotype frequencies were higher in patients with uncontrolled asthma than in controls (χ2 = 5.17, df = 1, P = 0.02 and χ2 = 5.36, df = 1, P = 0.02 respectively). CONCLUSION The results of this study support the possible involvement of Arg16Gly polymorphism in the development of uncontrolled asthma, and indicate that Arg16Gly/Gln27Gln and Arg16Gly/Gln27Glu haplotypes are more common in asthma patients in the Kazakh population. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND The most common respiratory disturbance in sleeping children is the Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. The passive smoking is mentioned one of factors predisposing to Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Determination of correlations between exposure to tobacco smoke (passive smoking) and development of respiratory disorders in children during sleep. METHODS 160 school-aged children (6-18 years) were included in the study. The inclusion criterion was exposure to tobacco smoke at home (90 subjects). The control group were school-aged children who had had no contact with tobacco smoke at home (70 subjects). Exclusion criterion obese children and children with impaired patency of the nose. Each child had a polygraphic examination done at home. Both children and parents filled the questionnaire constituting a basis for the assessment of the level of child's exposure to tobacco smoke. Study duration 15.12.2012 - 26.02.2016. RESULTS Obstructive sleep apnoea was observed in 12% of subjects with the apnoea-hypopnoea index >1.5 (for children under 13 years of age) and apnoea-hypopnoea index>5 (for children over the age of 13 years), and with diurnal and nocturnal symptoms. Children exposed to tobacco smoke presented more apnoea-hypopnoea events than control group (17/3; P less then 0.001).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/kribb11.html  In the group exposed to tobacco smoke the following were noted more often concentration problems (38.9%), tiredness/lethargy (46.7%), irritability/hyperactivity (36.7%). No statistically significant differences were found in nocturnal symptoms waking up, snoring and sleep apnoea. CONCLUSIONS Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome occurs more often in children exposed to tobacco smoke and these children demonstrate concentration problems, tiredness and irritability/hyperactivity to a greater extent than control group. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.PURPOSE Treating deep-seated bulky tumors with traditional single-field Cerrobend GRID-blocks has many limitations such as suboptimal target coverage and excessive skin toxicity. Heavy traditional GRID-blocks are a concern for patient safety at various gantry-angles and dosimetric detail is not always available without a GRID template in user's treatment planning system. Herein, we propose a simple, yet clinically useful multileaf collimator (MLC)-based three-dimensional (3D)-crossfire technique to provide sufficient target coverage, reduce skin dose, and potentially escalate tumor dose to deep-seated bulky tumors. MATERIALS/METHODS Thirteen patients (multiple sites) who underwent conventional single-field cerrobend GRID-block therapy (maximum, 15 Gy in 1 fraction) were re-planned using an MLC-based 3D-crossfire method. Gross tumor volume (GTV) was used to generate a lattice pattern of 10 mm diameter and 20 mm center-to-center mimicking conventional GRID-block using an in-house MATLAB program. For the same prPhysics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Physicists in Medicine.Different murine neuroglobin variants showing structural and dynamic alterations that are associated with perturbation of ligand binding have been studied the CD loop mutants characterized by an enhanced flexibility (Gly-loop40-48 and Gly-loop44-47 ), the F106A mutant, and the double Gly-loop44-47 /F106A mutant. Their ferric resonance Raman spectra in solution and in crystals are almost identical. In the high-frequency region, the identification of a double set of core size marker bands indicates the presence of two 6-coordinate low spin species. The resonance Raman data, together with the corresponding crystal structures, indicate the presence of two neuroglobin conformers with a reversed (A conformer) or a canonical (B conformer) heme insertion orientation. With the identification of the marker bands corresponding to each conformer, the data indicate that the B conformer increases at the expense of the A form, predominantly in the Gly-loop44-47 /F106A double mutant, as confirmed by X-ray crystallography. This is the first time that a reversed heme insertion has been identified by resonance Raman in a native 6-coordinate low-spin heme protein. This diagnostic tool could be extended to other heme proteins in order to detect heme orientational disorder, which are likely to be correlated to functionally relevant heme dynamics. DATABASE Crystallographic structure structural data are deposited in the Protein Data Bank under the 6RA6 PDB entry. © 2020 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.