https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sgc-cbp30.html Our work reveals a role for RNF220/ZC4H2 in regulating LC-NA neuron development, and this finding may be helpful for understanding the pathogenesis of ZC4H2 mutation-associated intellectual disability. © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.Vertebrate heart development requires the integration of temporally distinct differentiating progenitors. However, few signals are understood that restrict the size of the later-differentiating outflow tract (OFT). We show that improper specification and proliferation of second heart field (SHF) progenitors in zebrafish lazarus (lzr) mutants, which lack the transcription factor Pbx4, produces enlarged hearts owing to an increase in ventricular and smooth muscle cells. Specifically, Pbx4 initially promotes the partitioning of the SHF into anterior progenitors, which contribute to the OFT, and adjacent endothelial cell progenitors, which contribute to posterior pharyngeal arches. Subsequently, Pbx4 limits SHF progenitor (SHFP) proliferation. Single cell RNA sequencing of nkx2.5+ cells revealed previously unappreciated distinct differentiation states and progenitor subpopulations that normally reside within the SHF and arterial pole of the heart. Specifically, the transcriptional profiles of Pbx4-deficient nkx2.5+ SHFPs are less distinct and display characteristics of normally discrete proliferative progenitor and anterior, differentiated cardiomyocyte populations. Therefore, our data indicate that the generation of proper OFT size and arch arteries requires Pbx-dependent stratification of unique differentiation states to facilitate both homeotic-like transformations and limit progenitor production within the SHF. © 2020. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd.The expression of the transcriptional repressor Hes1 oscillates in many cell types, including neural progenitor cells (NPCs), but the significance of Hes1 oscillations in development is not fully understood. T