https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ipi-549.html The fetal inflammatory response (FIR) increases the risk of perinatal brain injury, particularly in extremely low gestational age newborns (ELGANs, less then 28 weeks of gestation). One of the mechanisms contributing to such a risk is a postnatal intermittent or sustained systemic inflammation (ISSI) following FIR. The link between prenatal and postnatal systemic inflammation is supported by the presence of well-established inflammatory biomarkers in the umbilical cord and peripheral blood. However, the extent of molecular changes contributing to this association is unknown. Using RNA sequencing and mass spectrometry proteomics, we profiled the transcriptome and proteome of archived neonatal dried blood spot (DBS) specimens from 21 ELGANs. Comparing FIR-affected and unaffected ELGANs, we identified 782 gene and 27 protein expression changes of 50% magnitude or more, and an experiment-wide significance level below 5% false discovery rate. These expression changes confirm the robust postnatal activation of the innate immune system in FIR-affected ELGANs and reveal for the first time an impairment of their adaptive immunity. In turn, the altered pathways provide clues about the molecular mechanisms triggering ISSI after FIR, and the onset of perinatal brain injury. DATABASES EGAS00001003635 (EGA); PXD011626 (PRIDE). Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a noninvasive analgesic neurostimulation modality. Difficulties in clinical trial blinding and therapy administration have limited conclusions of previous trials. The aims of this study were to first investigate the feasibility and acceptability of patient-administered TENS after surgery, and second, the feasibility of using sub-sensory TENS as a proxy sham group for patient-blinding. Over a four-month period, patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy at a single center were randomized to receive maximally tolerable high-intensity (HI) TENS or sub-