https://www.selleckchem.com/ A 25-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital due to tonic convulsion with severe headache after having experienced symptoms of nausea and vomiting for a month. Brain MRI showed extensive symmetrical lesions in the cortical and subcortical areas of parieto-occipital lobes and basal ganglia, consistent with typical characteristics of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES). Furthermore, some residual lesions in the left side of dorsal medulla oblongata and central area of the cervical spinal cord along with the presence of serum anti-aquaporin-4 antibody yielded the diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). We herein discuss the mechanism by which PRES may occur together with NMOSD.Cogan's syndrome (CS), a rare vasculitis characterized by non-syphilitic, interstitial keratitis and Ménière-like attacks, is classified into "typical" and "atypical" forms, while Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a rare large-vessel vasculitis associated with HLA-B*52. Very few cases meet both the CS and TAK classification criteria. We herein report a 53-year-old woman diagnosed with atypical CS and aortitis similar to TAK. Her 25-year-old daughter manifested TAK without symptoms of CS, and both are HLA-B*52 positive. Our case highlights the difficulties of distinguishing aortitis with atypical CS from aortitis with TAK.An 81-year-old woman presented to our emergency room by ambulance with gait disturbance and pain in her left neck. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed acute left-sided dorsolateral medullary infarction and an occluded left vertebral artery. The temporal bone echo window was insufficient, but our pastable soft ultrasound probe attached to the cervix (PSUP) detected many microembolic signals caused by the contrast agent (cMES) in the common carotid artery. Chest CT revealed right pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (PAVF) and she underwent coil embolization for PAVF considering the possibility of paradoxical embolism v