Soil enzymes are central in the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change, and their study can be crucial for the models implementation. We investigated for one year the effects of warming and seasonality on the potential activities of five soil extracellular enzymes and their relationships with soil moisture, phosphorus (P) concentration and other soil parameters in a P-limited Mediterranean semi-arid shrubland. The site was continuously subjected to warming since 1999, and we compared data from this study to analogous data from 2004. Warming uniformly increased all enzymes activities, but only when a sufficient amount of soil water was available. Seasonality unevenly altered enzyme activities, thus affecting enzymatic stoichiometry. P deficiency affected enzymatic stoichiometry, favoring the activities of the phosphatases. The effect of warming was stronger in 2014 than 2004, excluding the hypothesis of acclimation of rhizospheric responses to higher temperatures and suggesting that further increed by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND The relationship of airway hyperresponsiveness to airway remodeling and inflammation in infants with wheeze is unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate airway hyperresponsiveness, remodeling and inflammation in infants with wheeze and troublesome breathing. METHODS Inclusion criteria were as follows full-term, 3-23 months of age; doctor -diagnosed wheeze and persistent recurrent troublesome breathing; without obvious structural defect, suspicion of ciliary dyskinesia, cystic fibrosis, immune deficiency or specified use of corticosteroids. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was evaluated by performing a methacholine bronchial challenge test combined with whole body plethysmography and rapid thoracoabdominal compression. Endobronchial biopsies were analysed for remodeling (thickness of reticular basement membrane and amount of airway smooth muscle) and for inflammation (numbers of inflammatory cells). Correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS Forty-nine infants fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the presth impaired baseline lung function. The possible association of increased airway smooth muscle area among atopic children with AHR remains to be confirmed. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Colouration has been associated with multiple biologically relevant traits that drive adaptation and diversification in many taxa. However, despite the great diversity of colour patterns present in amphibians the underlying molecular basis is largely unknown. Here, we leverage insight from a highly colour-variable lineage of the European fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra bernardezi) to identify functional associations with striking variation in colour morph and pattern.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/benzylpenicillin-potassium.html  The three focal colour morphs-ancestral black-yellow striped, fully yellow, and fully brown-differed in pattern, visible colouration, and cellular composition. From population genomic analyses of up to 4,702 loci, we found no correlations of neutral population genetic structure with colour morph. However we identified 21 loci with genotype-phenotype associations, several of which relate to known colour genes. Further, we inferred response to selection at up to 142 loci between the colour morphs, again including several that relate to colouration genes. By transcriptomic analysis across all different combinations, we found 196 differentially expressed genes between yellow, brown, and black skin, 63 of which are candidate genes involved in animal colouration. The concordance across different statistical approaches and 'omic datasets provide several lines of evidence for loci linked to functional differences between colour morphs, including TYR, CAMK1, and PMEL. We found little association between colour morph and the metabolomic profile of its toxic compounds from the skin secretions. Our research suggests that current ecological and evolutionary hypotheses for the origins and maintenance of these striking colour morphs may need to be revisited. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Electronic (e)-cigarette smoking is considered to be less harmful than traditional tobacco smoking because of the lack of a combustion process. However, e-cigarettes have the potential to release harmful chemicals depending on the constituents of the vapor. To date, there has been significant evidence on the adverse health effects of e-cigarette usage. However, what is less known are the impacts of the chemicals contained in exhaled air from an e-cigarette smoker on indoor air quality, the second hand passive smoking of residents, and the toxicity of the exhaled air. In this study, we develop a comprehensive numerical model and computer simulated person to investigate the potential effects of e-cigarette smoking on local tissue dosimetry and the deterioration of indoor air quality. We also conducted demonstrative numerical analyses for first-hand and second-hand e-cigarette smoking in an indoor environment. To investigate local tissue dosimetry, we used newly developed physiologically based pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic models that reproduce inhalation exposure by way of the respiratory tract and dermal exposure through the human skin surface. These models were integrated into the computer simulated person. Our numerical simulation results quantitatively demonstrated the potential impacts of e-cigarette smoking in enclosed spaces on indoor air quality. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma (PRMS) is a rare soft tissue tumour with an aggressive clinical outcome. Due to controversial diagnostic criteria and similarities in clinical and imaging features between PRMS and other tumours, PRMS is often misdiagnosed. It mostly occurs in the deep soft tissue of the extremities1 and rarely in the head and neck region. Herein, we present a rare case of PRMS in the submandibular gland diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and ancillary methods. We highlight the important cytologic, immunocytochemical, and imaging features that could facilitate early diagnosis and improve the patient's outcome. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.