rmed by DNA sequence analysis of the ITS region, thereby proving Koch's postulates. Bitter rot occurs globally and is considered one of the most important diseases of apple that has the potential to cause significant crop losses (Sutton et al. 2014). Other Colletotrichum species have been commonly reported from apple in Europe, such as C. godetiae and C. fioriniae, whereas C. salicis has been reported solely in New Zealand and Belgium (Damm et al. 2012; Grammen et al. 2019). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of C. salicis causing bitter rot of apple in Italy.In January 2018, eucalyptus trees showing wilt symptoms were identified in a commercial plantation located in the Quevedo Cantón, Los Ríos province, Ecuador. Disease incidence reached 40% of the eucalyptus field and affected plants displayed reddening and wilting of the foliage, leaf drop, branch dieback, and reduced growth, resembling bacterial wilting symptoms (Santiago et al., 2014). Transverse sections made on trunks of wilted trees revealed vascular discoloration of the wood and bacterial ooze. Wood pieces taken from discoloured tissues were surface disinfected and macerated in sterilized distilled water. The resulting suspensions were spread on plates containing triphenyltetrazolium chloride medium (TZC) (Kelman, 1954) and incubated at 28°C for 48 h.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ex229-compound-991.html  Three mucoid white colonies with pinkish centers, characteristic of Ralstonia solanacearum, were purified (Figure S1C). The isolates were Gram negative in the KOH test, non-fluorescent on King's B medium, and formed cream colonies on yeat extract-dextrose-cntrols. Necrotic symptoms appeared at the inoculation site on eucalyptus plants after 10 days. Wilt symptoms started at the top and progressed towards the base of the plants (Figure S1A). Tomato plants died within one week, and eucalyptus seedlings died after three weeks. The inoculated banana seedlings and all plants from the control treatments remained asymptomatic. Bacterial ooze was observed on freshly-cut transverse sections made on wilted eucalyptus seedlings (Figure S1B) and typical colonies of R. solanacearum were isolated from inoculated plants, fulfilling Koch's postulates. The correct diagnosis of the pathogen is the first step in the long-term process of developing effective management tools for this disease in Ecuador.Allorhizobium vitis is the primary causal pathogen of grapevine crown gall disease. Because this endophytic bacterium can survive as a systemic latent (symptomless) infection in grapevine, detecting and monitoring its development in planta is of great importance. In plant bacteria studies, plate counting is routinely used as a simple and reliable method to evaluate the bacterial population level in planta. However, isolation techniques are time-consuming and present some disadvantages such as the risk of contamination and the need for fresh samples for research. In this study, we developed a DNA-based real-time PCR assay that can replace the classical method to monitor the development of Allorhizobium vitis in grapevine plantlets. Primers targeting Allorhizobium vitis chromosomic genes and the virulent tumor-inducing plasmid were validated. The proposed quantitative real-time PCR technique is highly reliable and reproducible to assess Allorhizobium vitis numeration at the earliest stage of infection until tumor development in grapevine plantlets. Moreover, this low-cost technique provides rapid and robust in planta quantification of the pathogen and is suitable for fundamental research to monitor bacterial development over time.Much research has investigated whole-body postures and associated knee joint loading during unanticipated sidestepping (UnSS). However, no research has considered sport-specific postures in field hockey. The purpose of this study was to investigate differences in trunk and lower limb angle and lower extremity joint moment waveforms during UnSS while holding a hockey stick in a flexed posture (HS-UnSS) and traditional UnSS. Additionally, we aimed to determine if differences in posture during HS-UnSS were associated with changes in knee joint moments. Twelve elite female field hockey athletes underwent 3D motion analysis during UnSS and HS-UnSS. Athletes increased trunk (0-100% of stance phase, hip (0-15%), knee (12-29%; 39-59%; 78-100%) and ankle (41-57%) flexion angles, and increased hip flexion (19-24%; 42-45%; 75-84%) and external rotation moments (75-80%) during HS-UnSS compared with UnSS (p 0.05), however knee external rotation moments reduced. Changes in trunk flexion were positively associated with peak knee internal rotation moments from UnSS to HS-UnSS (r = 0.779, p = 0.005). These findings indicate that field hockey players sidestep with significantly different techniques when holding a hockey stick, which should be considered in injury prevention training protocols.Objective. Clinicians regularly use panel genetic testing to identify hereditary breast cancer risk, but this practice increases the rate of receiving an ambiguous test result, the variant of uncertain significance (VUS). VUS results are a growing and long-term challenge for providers and have caused negative patient outcomes. The objective of this study was to elicit expert opinions about patients' decision making after receiving a VUS result to provide future guidance for VUS disclosure. Methods. Using an adapted mental models approach, experts (N = 25) completed an online survey and in-depth interview eliciting qualitative judgments of the factors relevant to informed patient decision making after receiving a VUS result. Content analysis of interview transcripts clarified the basis for these judgments. Results. Participants identified 11 decisions facing patients after receiving VUS results grouped into ambiguity management or risk management. The experts also identified 24 factors relevant to each decision, which reflected 2 themes objective factors (e.g., clinical information, guidelines) and psychosocial factors (e.g., understanding or risk perception). Conclusion. This study presents an adaptation of the mental models approach for communication under conditions of ambiguity. Findings suggest providers who present VUS results from genetic testing for hereditary breast cancer should discuss decisions related to ambiguity management that focus on hope for future reclassification, and be directive when discussing risk management decisions. Objective and psychosocial factors should influence both ambiguity and risk management decisions, but especially risk management decisions.