expression of macrophage polarization markers CD11c, CD16, CD206 and Arg1 in the LIRI group were significantly increased. Compared with the LIRI group, the expressions of CD11c and CD16 in the lung tissue of the DEX group were significantly decreased, and the expressions of CD206 and Arg1 were significantly increased. The intervention of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway inhibitor LY294002 significantly blocked the effect of dexamethasone on LIRI-mediated macrophage polarization (CD11c immunohistochemical score 7.20±0.36 vs. 5.00±0.34, CD16 immunohistochemical score 8.20±0.48 vs. 7.40±0.64, CD206 immunohistochemical score 5.80±0.59 vs. 7.40±0.28, Arg1 immunohistochemical score 7.20±0.72 vs. 8.80±0.48, all P less then 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dexamethasone pretreatment can alleviate the intrapulmonary inflammatory response and lung injury caused by LIRI in rats. The mechanism of action is related to the polarization direction of pulmonary macrophagesvia activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway by dexamethasone.OBJECTIVE To analyze the differential gene expression of Shufeng Xuanfei Jiedu formula on whole expression profiles of the inflammation-related cytokines in mice infected with influenza virus by the gene chip technology. METHODS Male ICR mice were divided into normal group (N group), influenza virus pneumonia model group (M group), oseltamivir control group (C group) and Shufeng Xuanfei Jiedu formula high, medium and low dose groups (SH, SM, SL groups) according to the random number table method, with 10 mice in each group. A mouse model of influenza virus pneumonia was established by nasal drip of influenza virus strain FM1 (0.05 mL); in group N, 0.05 mL normal saline was used. In SH, SM and SL groups, Shufeng Xuanfei Jiedu formula was prescribed after 2 hours of intranasal infection (drug concentration approximately 3.8, 1.9 and 1.0 kg/L), 0.2 mL once a day for 4 days; in group C, the dosage of oseltamivir was 2.5 kg/L; in group N and group M, distilled water was given. On the 5th day, the whole lung of mic -1.74, -1.84; log2(SL/M) were -1.89, -1.39, -0.53; log2(C/M) were -2.46, -1.52, -1.44, respectively, all P less then 0.05]. RT-PCR showed that the mRNA expressions of IL-1, IL-8 and ICAM-1 in group M were significantly higher than those in group N [IL-1 (2-ΔΔCT) 4.63±0.24 vs. 1.01±0.13, IL-8 (2-ΔΔCT) 6.28±0.13 vs. 1.02±0.09, ICAM-1 (2-ΔΔCT) 2.90±0.18 vs. 1.02±0.12, all P less then 0.05]. The mRNA expressions of IL-1, IL-8, ICAM-1 in SH, SM, SL and C groups were lower than those in group M [IL-1 (2-ΔΔCT) 2.12±0.32, 1.71±0.07, 2.05±0.16, 1.66±0.13 vs. 4.63±0.24; IL-8 (2-ΔΔCT) 3.89±0.13, 2.08±0.19, 2.98±0.20, 2.02±0.12 vs. 6.28±0.13; ICAM-1 (2-ΔΔCT) 1.72±0.93, 1.34±0.14, 1.53±0.25, 1.17±0.12 vs. 2.90±0.18, all P less then 0.05]. There was no significant difference among the SH, SM, SL and C groups. CONCLUSIONS Shufeng Xuanfei Jiedu formula inhibits inflammatory damage in mice after influenza virus infection by down-regulating the expressions of IL-1, IL-8, and ICAM-1 inflammatory cytokine-related genes.OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of freshwater and seawater drowning on sheep's pulmonary circulation hemodynamics and respiratory mechanics. METHODS According to the random number table method, healthy crossbred sheep were divided into freshwater drowning group (n = 12) and seawater drowning group (n = 12). 30 mL/kg of freshwater or seawater was infused respectively through trachea for approximately 5 minutes. Before the drowning, immediately after drowning, and 30, 60, 120 minutes after drowning, the systemic circulation hemodynamic parameters [heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output (CO)] were monitored by pulse indicator continuous cardiac output (PiCCO); the respiratory parameters were obtained through the ventilator, including tidal volume (VT), lung compliance (Cdyn), oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), peak airway pressure (Ppeak)]; PiCCO and the right heart floating catheter (Swan-Ganz catheter) was used to measure pulmonary hemodynamic parameters [pulmonary systolic pressure (PAS), and edema were obvious in the interstitial space. CONCLUSIONS The effect of seawater drowning on the respiratory mechanics and pulmonary circulation of animals is more obvious than that of freshwater drowned animals, and the amount of residual water in the respiratory tract is also significantly more than that of freshwater drowned animals.OBJECTIVE To establish a model that can predict weaning failure from ventilation through hemodynamic and fluid balance parameters.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CP-673451.html  METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted. The patients who underwent invasive mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours and having spontaneous breathing test admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) of Tianjin Third Central Hospital from January 1st, 2017 to December 31st, 2018 were enrolled. The information was collected, which included the baseline data, hemodynamic parameters by pulse indicator continuous cardiac output (PiCCO) monitoring, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), urinary output, fluid balance in first 24 hours when patients admitted to ICU, and hemodynamic parameters by PiCCO monitoring, BNP, urinary output, fluid balance, diuretic usage, noradrenalin usage within 24 hours before weaning as well as usage of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) during mechanical ventilation. According to weaning success or failure, the patients were divided into weaning sable about cardiac index (CI; χ2 = 7.789, P = 0.051) was included into multivariate Logistic regression model to improve the prediction model and enhance the accuracy of model. Finally, variables included in the multivariate Logistic regression model were BNP, CVP, CI, dPmx, urinary output, fluid balance volume, and the accuracy of the weaning failure prediction model was 92.9%, the sensitivity was 100%, and the specificity was 76.8%. When the model was adjusted by variables of age and noradrenalin usage, the accuracy of model to predict failure of weaning was 94.2%, the sensitivity was 100%, the specificity was 81.2%. CONCLUSIONS Weaning failure prediction model based on hemodynamic parameters by PiCCO monitoring and variables about liquid balance has high accuracy and can guide clinical weaning.