https://www.selleckchem.com/products/pi4kiiibeta-in-10.html RESULTS From 2,234 records screened, 28 studies were eligible for inclusion (observational n = 22 and experimental n = 6). Across studies, 12 different instruments were identified (dyspnoea-specific n = 3, subscale of a comprehensive instrument n = 9). Most instruments (n = 11, 92%) assessed a single domain (intensity n = 6, unpleasantness n = 6 and impact/burden n = 5). Studies reported a rationale for measuring dyspnoea (n = 26) as either a characteristic of the participant cohort (n = 14) or as an outcome (n = 14). CONCLUSIONS Surprisingly, a few primary studies reported assessment of dyspnoea in people with ESKD receiving RRT. When assessed, there was a predominance of unidimensional instruments. As dyspnoea is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, routine dyspnoea assessment may improve management and relieve suffering. © 2020 European Dialysis and Transplant Nurses Association/European Renal Care Association.Mathematical modelling and numerical simulation in cardiac electrophysiology have already been studied extensively. However, there is a clear lack of techniques and methodologies for studying the propagation of action potential in a heart with structural defects. In this article, we present a modified version of the bidomain model, derived using homogenisation techniques with the assumption of existence of diffusive inclusions in the cardiac tissue. The diffusive inclusions represent regions without electrically active myocytes, for example, fat, fibrosis, and so forth. We present an application of this model to a rat heart. Starting from high-resolution MRI, the geometry of the heart is built and meshed using image processing techniques. We perform a study of the effects of tissue heterogeneities induced by diffusive inclusions on the velocity and shape of the depolarisation wavefront. We present several test cases with different geometries of diffusive inclusions. We reach the conclusion th