Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) have raised some concerns due to their possible effects on workers' health. In this study ELF-MFs were measured in different units of the thermal power plant based on gridding the indoor space. The exposure level was measured by spot measurement based on the IEEE Std C95.3.1 and then simulated in units with the highest magnetic field intensity by using ArcGIS software. The operators and balance of plant (BOP) technicians (12.64 ± 9.74 μT) and office workers (2.41 ± 1.22 μT) had the highest and lowest levels of both measured and estimated ELF-MFs exposure. The highest measured ELF-MFs were in the vicinity of the power transmission lines in the transformers' building (48.2 μT). Our simulation showed the high and low exposure areas and ranked exposure well; but, the actual measurements of ELF-MFs exposure were in all cases higher than the estimated values, which means we still need to improve our estimations.
  The purpose of this brief narrative review is to address the complexities and benefits of extending animal alcohol addiction research to the human domain, emphasizing Allostasis and Incentive Sensitization, two models that inform many pre-clinical and clinical studies.
 
  The work reviewed includes a range of approaches, including a) animal and human studies that target the biology of craving and compulsive consumption; b) human investigations that utilize alcohol self-administration and alcohol challenge paradigms, in some cases across 10 years; c) questionnaires that document changes in the positive and negative reinforcing effects of alcohol with increasing severity of addiction; and d) genomic structural equation modeling based on data from animal and human studies.
 
  Several general themes emerge from specific study findings. First, positive reinforcement is characteristic of early stage addiction and sometimes diminishes with increasing severity, consistent with both Allostasis and Incentive Sensitizating, they are not insurmountable, and there is much to be gained in understanding and treating addiction by combining pre-clinical and clinical approaches.Presumably, due to a rapid early diversification, major parts of the higher-level phylogeny of birds are still resolved controversially in different analyses or are considered unresolvable. To address this problem, we produced an avian tree of life, which includes molecular sequences of one or several species of ∼90% of the currently recognized family-level taxa (429 species, 379 genera) including all 106 family-level taxa of the nonpasserines and 115 of the passerines (Passeriformes). The unconstrained analyses of noncoding 3-prime untranslated region (3'-UTR) sequences and those of coding sequences yielded different trees. In contrast to the coding sequences, the 3'-UTR sequences resulted in a well-resolved and stable tree topology. The 3'-UTR contained, unexpectedly, transcription factor binding motifs that were specific for different higher-level taxa. In this tree, grebes and flamingos are the sister clade of all other Neoaves, which are subdivided into five major clades. All nonpasserine taxa were placed with robust statistical support including the long-time enigmatic hoatzin (Opisthocomiformes), which was found being the sister taxon of the Caprimulgiformes. The comparatively late radiation of family-level clades of the songbirds (oscine Passeriformes) contrasts with the attenuated diversification of nonpasseriform taxa since the early Miocene. This correlates with the evolution of vocal production learning, an important speciation factor, which is ancestral for songbirds and evolved convergent only in hummingbirds and parrots. As 3'-UTR-based phylotranscriptomics resolved the avian family-level tree of life, we suggest that this procedure will also resolve the all-species avian tree of life.Implanting a stent in the body through a minimally invasive operation and tracking its location in real-time is still a challenge. Herein, a near-infrared (NIR) light-triggered shape-memory polymer possessing a long-time fluorescence imaging function has been developed by cross-linking 6-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) using a croconate dye YHD798 as the chemical crosslinker and NIR-absorption perssad. Due to the extraordinary photothermal conversion property of YHD798, the temperature of the material raised from 20 °C to 120 °C under 808 nm near-infrared irradiation at 0.4 W cm-2, leading to shape recovery in 50 s in a programmed shape-transition process. YHD798 also exerted an aggregation-induced emission effect, endowing the polymer with a clear NIR fluorescence imaging function even when covered by a 2 mm pork slab and could be used for the real-time visualization of the implanted device fabricated from this polymer in deep tissues of the body. When a tubular stent that was fabricated from this polymer, was implanted into the carotid artery of a Sprague-Dawley rat, it could recover to its permanent shape under 808 nm laser irradiation in 60 s owing to the shape-memory function and facilitated NIR-I fluorescence imaging after implantation for a week owing to the croconate dye. This work provides a new strategy for designing and developing smart polymers with NIR-light-triggered shape-memory effect and long-term fluorescence imaging function for biomedical applications.MXenes refer to a family of 2D transition metal carbides/nitrides that are rich in chemistry. The first member of the family, Ti3C2Tx, was reported in 2011. Since then MXenes have opened up an exciting new field in 2D inorganic functional materials by virtue of their intrinsic electronic conductivity, superior hydrophilicity, rich surface chemistry and layered structure, as evidenced by the fact that the number of papers on MXenes has increased exponentially. The unique properties and ease of processing have positioned them as promising materials for a variety of applications including energy storage, especially for supercapacitors. In this review, we aim to summarize the current advances in MXene research on supercapacitors. We begin by reviewing various fabrication routes and their influence on the structure and surface chemistry of MXenes. The structure, properties, stability, and species of layered MXenes are then introduced.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nb-598.html  The focus then turns to the capacitive energy-storage mechanisms and the factors determining the electrochemical behavior and performance in supercapacitors.