Rates of peri-prosthetic joint infection (PJI) in primary total hip and total knee arthroplasty range between 0.3% and 1.9%, and up to 10% in revision cases. Significant morbidity is associated with this devastating complication, the economic burden on our healthcare system is considerable, and the personal cost to the affected patient is immeasurable.The risk of surgical site infection (SSI) and PJI is related to surgical factors and patient factors such as age, body mass index (BMI), co-morbidities, and lifestyle. Reducing the risk of SSI in primary hip and knee arthroplasty requires a multi-faceted strategy including pre-operative patient bacterial decolonization, screening and avoidance of anaemia, peri-operative patient warming, skin antisepsis, povidone-iodine wound lavage, and anti-bacterial coated sutures.This article also considers newer concepts such as the influence of bearing surfaces on infection risk, as well as current controversies such as the potential effects of blood transfusion, laminar flow, and protective hoods and suits, on infection risk. Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2020;5604-613. DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200004.Artificial Intelligence (AI) in general, and Machine Learning (ML)-based applications in particular, have the potential to change the scope of healthcare, including orthopaedic surgery.The greatest benefit of ML is in its ability to learn from real-world clinical use and experience, and thereby its capability to improve its own performance.Many successful applications are known in orthopaedics, but have yet to be adopted and evaluated for accuracy and efficacy in patients' care and doctors' workflows.The recent hype around AI triggered hope for development of better risk stratification tools to personalize orthopaedics in all subsequent steps of care, from diagnosis to treatment.Computer vision applications for fracture recognition show promising results to support decision-making, overcome bias, process high-volume workloads without fatigue, and hold the promise of even outperforming doctors in certain tasks.In the near future, AI-derived applications are very likely to assist orthopaedic surgeons rather than replace us. 'If the computer takes over the simple stuff, doctors will have more time again to practice the art of medicine'.76 Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2020;5593-603. DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190092.Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) is a safe therapy and there are only a few side effects known (such as pain during ESWT and minor haematomata), but no severe complications are to be expected if it is performed as recommended.Contraindications are severe coagulopathy for high-energy ESWT, and ESWT with focus on the foetus or embryo and focus on severe infection.The effect mechanism of ESWT is still a component of diverse studies, but as far as we can summarize today, it is a similar process to a cascade triggered by mechano-transduction mechanical energy causes changes in the cellular skeleton, which provokes a reaction of the cell core (for example release of mRNA) to influence diverse cell structures such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, intracellular vesicles, etc., so the enzymatic response leads to the improvement of the healing process.The usage of ESWT should be taught, to improve the outcome. Courses should be organized by national societies, since the legal framework conditions are different from one country to another.In this update the musculoskeletal indications are addressed (mainly bone and tendons) pseudoarthrosis, delayed fracture healing, bone marrow oedema and osteonecrosis in its early stages, insertional tendinopathies such as plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendon fasciitis, calcifying tendonitis of the rotator cuff, tennis elbow, and wound healing problems. Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2020;5584-592. DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190067.Multifactorial aetiology defines non-unions, with a biological and a mechanical distortion of the timeline of bone healing.Research on new advances to increase osteogenesis and promote non-union healing is strongly directed towards new forms of cell products.Basic science and research on non-union treatments is needed to compile preclinical data on new treatments.Bone marrow concentration and expanded mesenchymal stromal cells still require extensive clinical research to confirm efficacy in non-union treatment.Solid preclinical studies, precise cell product definition and preparation, and appropriate ethical and regulatory approvals are needed to assess new advanced therapy medicinal products. Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2020;5574-583. DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.5.190062.Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2020;5571-573. DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200201.Cite this article EFORT Open Rev 2020;5568-569.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/blebbistatin.html  DOI 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200200.[This corrects the article DOI 10.2217/cnc-2020-0008.].
  The present study aims to report traumatic brain injury (TBI) among soccer players in the 2017 Brazilian Soccer Championship and discuss the protocols for concussion evaluation.
 
  This is an observational study utilizing video analysis of 380 matches. TBI was considered as any event in which one or more soccer player(s) had a head trauma. For potential concussion diagnosis, we analyzed players with one of the following signs slowness to get up, disorientation, motor incoordination, loss of consciousness, head clutching and impact seizure.
 
  There were 374 TBIs in total. The average time for medical assessment was 1'35". 13 players had concussion with an average time of 3'19″ for medical evaluation. Four players were replaced after having a concussion.
 
  There is a gap between concussion protocols and medical practices in Brazilian elite soccer. Further discussion about soccer replacement rules are imperative.
 There is a gap between concussion protocols and medical practices in Brazilian elite soccer. Further discussion about soccer replacement rules are imperative.
  Pupillometers have been proposed as clinical assessment tools. We compared two pupillometers to assess measurement agreement.
 
  We enrolled 30 subjects and simultaneously measured the pupil diameter and light reflex amplitude with an iPhone pupillometer and a portable infrared pupillometer. We then enrolled 40 additional subjects and made serial measurements with each device.
 
  Failure occurred in 30% of attempts made with the iPhone pupillometer compared with 4% of attempts made with the infrared pupillometer (Fisher's exact p=0.0001). Method comparison of the two devices used simultaneously showed significant disagreement in dynamic measurements.
 
  The iPhone pupillometer had poor repeatability and suggests that it is not a practical tool to support clinical decisions.
 The iPhone pupillometer had poor repeatability and suggests that it is not a practical tool to support clinical decisions.