Only a few studies have investigated changes in the dose of long-acting injectable second-generation antipsychotics (LAI-SGAs) over the long term in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia. In this retrospective cohort study, we examined longitudinal changes in antipsychotic dose over a 3-year period in patients with schizophrenia who had been taking LAI-SGAs for at least 1 year. We compared the total daily chlorpromazine equivalent dose of antipsychotics at 12, 24 and 36 months with the baseline dose at 3 months after initiation of LAI-SGAs. We also performed multiple regression analysis to explore factors associated with change in total daily dose 12 months after treatment initiation. A total of 154 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There was no significant difference in total daily antipsychotic dose between 3 months and 12, 24 or 36 months after treatment initiation. Total daily dose was increased in 43 (27.9%), 31 (34.8%) and 22 patients (36.7%) at 12, 24 and 36 months, respectively. Age and total antipsychotic dose at 3 months were significantly negatively associated with change in total daily dose. Antipsychotic dose was basically unchanged during long-term treatment in patients treated with LAI-SGAs in the maintenance phase, although there was an increase in some patients.
  To evaluate the corneal re-epithelialization and patient-perceived pain after bandage contact lens (BCL) exchange on day one, after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).
 
  A randomized controlled trial, of all patients who underwent bilateral transepithelial-PRK (trans-PRK) or bilateral alcohol debridement and PRK (A-PRK), between March and October 2019. One eye of each patient was randomly assigned to BCL exchange on the first postoperative day (exchange group) and the BCL was not exchanged in the fellow eye (control group).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/oxidopamine-hydrobromide.html  Patients were evaluated daily until healing was complete. At each visit, the corneal epithelial defect was measured, and a questionnaire was used to assess pain, photophobia, and excessive tearing. P<0.05 was statistically significant.
 
  The study sample was comprised of 56 patients (mean age 27.2±5.7 years). Trans-PRK was performed in 20 (34.5%) and A-PRK in 36 (64.3%) patients. At day 3, 40 (71.4%) eyes of the exchange group healed completely compared with 38 (67.9%) eyes of the control group (P=0.5). At day-1 follow-up, the pain score was 1.87±1.4 in the exchange group and 2.29±1.3 in the control group (P=0.009). The mean pain score was 1.58±1.4 among patients who underwent A-PRK and 2.35±1.2 among patients operated by trans-PRK (P=0.04).
 
  The epithelial healing did not vary when BCL was exchanged one day after refractive surgery. However, postoperative pain score after PRK was lower at day 1, when the BCL was exchanged. Compared with A-PRK, trans-PRK group demonstrated a higher pain score in the early postoperative phase.
 The epithelial healing did not vary when BCL was exchanged one day after refractive surgery. However, postoperative pain score after PRK was lower at day 1, when the BCL was exchanged. Compared with A-PRK, trans-PRK group demonstrated a higher pain score in the early postoperative phase.
  The UK Biobank (UKB) has been used widely to examine associations between lifestyle risk factors and mortality outcomes. It is unknown whether the extremely low UKB response rate (5.5%) and lack of representativeness materially affects the magnitude and direction of effect estimates.
 
  We used poststratification to match the UKB sample to the target population in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and prevalence of lifestyle risk factors (physical inactivity, alcohol intake, smoking, and poor diet). We compared unweighted and poststratified associations between each lifestyle risk factor and a lifestyle index score with all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality. We also calculated the unweighted to poststratified ratio of HR (RHR) and 95% confidence interval as a marker of effect-size difference.
 
  Of 371,974 UKB participants with no missing data, 302,009 had no history of CVD or cancer, corresponding to 3,298,958 person years of follow-up. Protective associations between alcohol use and CVD mortality observed in the unweighted UKB were substantially altered after poststratification, for example, from a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.63 (0.45-0.87) unweighted to 0.99 (0.65-1.50) poststratified for drinking ≥5 times/week versus never drinking. The magnitude of the poststratified all-cause mortality hazard ratio comparing least healthy with healthiest tertile of lifestyle risk factor index was 9% higher (95% confidence interval 4%, 14%) than the unweighted estimates.
 
  Lack of representativeness may distort the associations of alcohol with CVD mortality, and may underestimate health hazards among those with cumulatively the least healthy lifestyles.
 Lack of representativeness may distort the associations of alcohol with CVD mortality, and may underestimate health hazards among those with cumulatively the least healthy lifestyles.
  Actively following a conversation can be demanding and limited cognitive resources must be allocated to the processing of speech, retaining and encoding the perceived content, and preparing an answer. The aim of the present study was to disentangle the allocation of effort into the effort required for listening (listening effort) and the effort required for retention (memory effort) by means of pupil dilation.
 
  Twenty-five normal-hearing German speaking participants underwent a sentence final word identification and recall test, while pupillometry was conducted. The participants' task was to listen to a sentence in four-talker babble background noise and to repeat the final word afterward. At the end of a list of sentences, they were asked to recall as many of the final words as possible. Pupil dilation was recorded during different list lengths (three sentences versus six sentences) and varying memory load (recall versus no recall). Additionally, the effect of a noise reduction algorithm on performance, l.
 Our results showed that recording pupil dilation in a speech identification and recall task provides valuable insights beyond behavioral performance. It is a suitable tool to disentangle the allocation of effort to listening versus memorizing speech.