https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-876.html Diaphragmatic dysfunction is a rare cause of dyspnea that can lead to hypercapnic respiratory failure. A variety of causes of diaphragmatic dysfunction have been identified, including myopathies and neuropathies, the latter of which can be further subdivided into infectious, idiopathic, demyelinating, malignant, and iatrogenic etiologies. Now, in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), case reports of immune-mediated phrenic nerve palsies have been described. This diagnosis can be challenging to make, as dyspnea is a common presenting complaint and immune-mediated palsy of the phrenic nerve is a rarely described complication of ICI therapy. At Mayo Clinic, 3 patients with diaphragmatic dysfunction in the setting of ICI therapy were successfully treated without mortality. This case series describes the presentation, diagnoses, and management of these patients and their clinical outcomes.Limited prospective data about the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are available for elderly patients. The aim of our analysis was to determine the relative efficacy of ICIs versus available standard therapies [standard of care (SOC)] in subgroups defined by patients' age. Searching the MEDLINE/PubMed, Cochrane Library, and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Meeting abstracts randomized clinical trials were identified. Data extraction was conduced according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. The measured outcome was overall survival (OS). Twenty-nine randomized clinical trials (18,839 patients) were selected. As for the distribution of patients by age, all but 3 of the selected studies considered young the patients younger than 65 years (n=10,832) and elderly those with 65 years and older (n=7723); 7 studies identified a third subgroup of very elderly patients aged 75 years and above (n=421). In elderly and very elderly patients ICIs significant