The bile salt export pump (BSEP/ABCB11) is located on the apical membrane and mediates the secretion of bile salts from hepatocytes into the bile. BSEP-mediated bile salt efflux is the rate-limiting step of bile salt secretion and the main driving force of bile flow. BSEP drives and maintains the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. In recent years, research efforts have been focused on understanding the physiological and pathological functions and regulatory mechanisms of BSEP. These studies elucidated the roles of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), liver receptor homolog-1(LRH-1) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) in BSEP expression and discovered some regulatory factors which participate in its post-transcriptional regulation. A series of liver diseases have also been shown to be related to BSEP expression and dysfunction, such as cholestasis, drug-induced liver injury, and gallstones. Here, we systematically review and summarize recent literature on BSEP structure, physiological functions, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases.
  The purpose of this study is (1) to determine if, when optimizing modern techniques, medial opening-wedge osteotomies can effectively maintain tibial slope and (2) to determine how different magnitude coronal plane corrections affect tibial slope.
 
  Proximal tibial osteotomies (PTOs) were performed on 10 fresh-frozen cadaveric knees leaving a consistent lateral hinge, using either a 5-mm or a 10-mm trapezoidal wedged osteotomy plate. Techniques including posterior plate placement; a trapezoidal, sloped plate; and knee hyperextension were used during plate fixation to help close the anterior osteotomy gap. Medial coronal proximal tibia angle and posterior tibial slope were measured preosteotomy, after a 5-mm implant, and after a 10-mm implant using true anteroposterior and lateral fluoroscopic images. Three independent observers performed all radiographic measurements, and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated.
 
  The 5-mm and 10-mm osteotomy plates increased the coronal medial proximal tibia ann cruciate ligament stress and a better understanding of coronal plane correction, and its effect on tibial slope is critical when performing proximal tibia osteotomies.
  To evaluate whether nucleated cell count (NCC) could serve as an approximation for the number of colony-forming units (CFUs) in concentrated bone marrow aspirate (cBMA) obtained from the proximal humerus.
 
  Bone marrow aspirate (BMA) was harvested from the proximal humerus in 96 patients (mean age 56.2 ± 7.0 years) during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Following concentration of the aspirate, nucleated cells of each sample were counted. The total number of CFUs was evaluated under the microscope at their first appearance, usually after 5 to 10 days in culture. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and assays for osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation were performed. Linear regression was assessed to predict the number of CFUs by using NCC. Age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated as independent variables.
 
  The average volume of the obtained BMA was 86.7 ± 35.2 mL. The cBMA contained a mean of 26.3 ± 6.8× 10
  nucleated cells per mL, which yielded a mean of 1421.7 ± 802 clinical importance, because effectiveness of BMA applications has been suggested to depend on the concentration of progenitor cells within the sample.
  To use a prospectively collected database to internally validate a previously published intraoperative classification system by determining its utility in improving patient-reported outcome scores (PROS).
 
  Open or endoscopic procedures performed at a single center between February 2008 and March 2018 with minimum 2-year follow-up were reviewed. Patients were prospectively classified intraoperatively as one of five greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) types according to the Lall GTPS classification system and underwent one of the six following surgical procedures trochanteric bursectomy (TB, type I); TB with trochanteric micropuncture (type II); endoscopic suture staple repair (type IIIA); endoscopic single row transtendinous repair (type IIIB); open or endoscopic double row repair (type IV); and gluteus maximus/tensor fasciae latae transfers (type V). The following PROS were analyzed to assess the efficacy of treatment and validity of the classification scheme modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), Nonarthsystem and treatment algorithm to manage peritrochantric pathology diagnosed intraoperatively.
 
  III, prognostic study.
 III, prognostic study.Much focus in research has been given to minimizing type I errors, where we incorrectly conclude that there is a difference between 2 treatments or populations. In contrast, our standard scientific method and power analysis allows for a much greater rate of type II errors, in which we fail to show a difference when, in fact, one exists (≥20% rate of type II errors vs ≤5% rate of type I errors). Additional factors that can cause type II errors may propel their prevalence to well in excess of 20%. Failure to reject the null hypothesis may be a tolerable outcome in a certain proportion of studies. However, type II errors may become dangerous when the conclusions of a study overreach, incorrectly stating that there is no difference, when, in fact, a difference exists. Type II errors resulting in overreaching conclusions may impede incremental advances in our field, as the advantages of small improvements may go undetected. To avert this danger in studies that fail to meet statistical significance, we as researchers (20% or more, vs 5% for type I errors) be precise in our conclusions stating simply that the null hypothesis could not be rejected.
  The purpose of our study is to prove that the autologous scapular spine bone graft is an alternative for the treatment of anterior shoulder instability and the clinical and radiological results are promising.
 
  From July 2016 to August 2018, patients who were diagnosed as having anterior shoulder instability with subcritical (10%-15%) glenoid bone loss were treated by arthroscopic repair with autologous scapular spine bone graft. The inclusion criteria were (1) anterior shoulder instability underwent arthroscopic autologous scapular spine bone graft; (2) glenoid bone loss was within 10% to 15% (measured by Sugaya's method); (3) three complete sets of computed tomography (CT) scans (preoperative, 1 week after surgery, and 1 year after surgery) available; and (4) clinical follow-up time was at least 2 years.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vt103.html  The exclusion criteria were (1) concomitant rotator cuff tear; (2) concomitant remplissage or SLAP repair; (3) previous surgery of the affected shoulder; (4) open surgery; and (5) incomplete radiological or clinical follow-up.