Although roots are mainly embedded in the soil, recent studies revealed that light regulates mineral nutrient uptake by roots. However, it remains unclear whether the change in root system architecture in response to different rhizosphere nutrient statuses involves light signaling. Here, we report that blue light regulates primary root growth inhibition under phosphate-deficient conditions through the cryptochromes and their downstream signaling factors. We showed that the inhibition of root elongation by low phosphate requires blue light signal perception at the shoot and transduction to the root. In this process, SPA1 and COP1 play a negative role while HY5 plays a positive role.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/odq.html  Further experiments revealed that HY5 is able to migrate from the shoot to root and that the shoot-derived HY5 autoactivates root HY5 and regulates primary root growth by directly activating the expression of LPR1, a suppressor of root growth under phosphate starvation. Taken together, our study reveals a regulatory mechanism by which blue light signaling regulates phosphate deficiency-induced primary root growth inhibition, providing new insights into the crosstalk between light and nutrient signaling.
  Computed tomography (CT) has been used to understand the deformity of scaphoid nonunion, but no standard protocol for the reformatting of scaphoid CT imaging exists. The purpose of this study was to compare the reliability of measurements of the deformity of scaphoid waist nonunion between CT-scans reformatted in line with the scaphoid long axis and CT-scans reformatted in line with the wrist axis.
 
  We hypothesized that CT-scan which was reformatted along the scaphoid long axis is more reliable for understanding the deformity of scaphoid waist nonunion.
 
  CT-scans of 28 wrists with a scaphoid waist nonunion were reformatted along both the long axis of the scaphoid and of the wrist. For each set of CT-scans, the nonunion gap in axial, coronal and sagittal series, the intrascaphoid angle, and the height to length ratio were measured. All scans were reviewed twice by three observers and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for inter- and intraobserver reliability were assessed.
 
  For the measurement of nonunion gaps and height to length ratio, neither inter- nor intraobserver reliability showed significant differences between the two reformatting scans. However, for the intrascaphoid angle, both inter- (ICC 0.202 vs. 0.419, p<0.001) and intraobserver (ICC 0.614 vs. 0.790, p<0.001) reliability were significantly higher on scaphoid axis CT-scan than on wrist axis CT-scan.
 
  In the assessment of deformity in patients with scaphoid waist nonunion, scaphoid axis reformatting CT-scans showed superior reliability for the measurement of intrascaphoid angle than did wrist axis reformatting CT-scans. Although there are several limitations for the correct assessment of all three-dimensional deformity, scaphoid axis reformatting CT-scans could help in assessing the extent of humpback deformity in patients with scaphoid waist nonunion.
 
  IV; diagnostic.
 IV; diagnostic.
  Anterograde homodigital neurovascular island flaps are very useful for reconstructing proximal fingertip amputations with exposed bone but have the disadvantage of bringing about proximal interphalangeal joint (PIPJ) stiffness. The addition of a single or double V-Y plasty increases mobility without having to extend the dissection beyond the PIPJ. The purpose of this study was to examine the long-term functional outcome of patients who received a "short" anterograde homodigital neurovascular island flap with a single or double V-Y plasty. Our primary hypothesis was that this flap did not induce PIPJ stiffness and our secondary hypothesis was that it preserved good fingertip sensation.
 
  This was a retrospective study of patients operated between August 2017 and February 2019. The inclusion criteria were the following a fingertip amputation caused by either a crush or laceration injury with exposed bone, treated during the acute phase of the injury or for secondary necrosis (attempted replantation or subtotae flaps were 7.1mm on the ulnar side (p<0.05) and 7.6mm on the radial side (p<0.01), while in the distal portion they were 7.3mm (p<0.01) and 7.8mm (p<0.01). The Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test also detected significantly reduced sensation.
 
  The combination of a "short" anterograde homodigital neurovascular island flap with a single or double V-Y plasty seems to avoid PIPJ stiffening while preserving good fingertip sensation.
 
  IV; retrospective study.
 IV; retrospective study.
  There is no consensus in the literature, or even within the same team, on the most appropriate treatment option for acute paronychia with abscess formation. The performance of an evaluation of professional practices (EPP) using a clinical audit measures the quality of our practices with the aim of standardizing them. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to develop a clinical pathway for the management of acute paronychia with abscess formation. The secondary objectives were to evaluate our professional practices using a clinical audit before and after the dissemination of the clinical pathway and then recommend strategies for improving our management of acute paronychia with abscess formation.
 
  A working group was established that designed an audit grid comprised of 15 items. Thirty patients (Group1) who had an acute paronychia with abscess formation were included and their health records were analyzed using this audit grid. The working group then developed a clinical pathway for the management of acute paronychia with abscess formation. Thirty new patients (Group2) were included after the dissemination of this clinical pathway and their records were analyzed using the same audit grid.
 
  Our clinical pathway for the management of acute paronychia was validated by the local infectious disease committee of our university hospital center. The difference between groups1 and 2 was significant (p<0.05) for eight items. There was no significant difference in the rate of surgical revision between the two groups.
 
  This EPP enabled us to develop a clinical pathway that detailed the processes for managing acute paronychia with abscess formation, and in particular it provided indications for antibiotic therapy and its limitations.
 
  IV, retrospective study.
 IV, retrospective study.