Neutrophils are essential effector cells of immune system for clearing the extracellular pathogens during inflammation and immune reactions. Neutrophils play a major role in chronic respiratory diseases. In respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, lung cancer and others, there occurs extreme infiltration and activation of neutrophils followed by a cascade of events like oxidative stress and dysregulated cellular proteins that eventually result in apoptosis and tissue damage. Dysregulation of neutrophil effector functions including delayed neutropil apoptosis, increased neutrophil extracellular traps in the pathogenesis of asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease enable neutrophils as a potential therapeutic target. Accounting to their role in pathogenesis, neutrophils present as an excellent therapeutic target for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases. This review highlights the current status and the emerging trends in novel drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, and other newer nanosystems that can target neutrophils and their molecular pathways, in the airways against infections, inflammation, and cancer. These drug delivery systems are promising in providing sustained drug delivery, reduced therapeutic dose, improved patient compliance, and reduced drug toxicity. In addition, the review also discusses emerging strategies and the future perspectives in neutrophil-based therapy. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.BACKGROUND The causes of seronegative villous atrophy can be grouped as coeliac or noncoeliac related. There is no consensus on how to approach subjects with seronegative coeliac disease. AIM To evaluate the accuracy of both an increase in CD3+ T-cell receptor gamma delta+ (TCRγδ+ ) intraepithelial lymphocytes and coeliac lymphogram for the diagnosis of coeliac disease in patients with seronegative villous atrophy. METHODS Sixty-seven consecutive patients with seronegative villous atrophy were included. Duodenal biopsies to assess TCRγδ+ and CD3- by flow cytometry were performed at the index endoscopy. Coeliac lymphogram was defined as an increase in TCRγδ+ plus a decrease in CD3- intraepithelial lymphocytes. Sensitivity, specificity and Fagan's nomogram were calculated. RESULTS Coeliac disease was diagnosed in 37 patients and noncoeliac villous atrophy in 30. Coeliac patients were younger (39 ± 3 vs 55 ± 3 years; P = 0.001), more often showed HLA-DQ2/8 (97.6% vs 61%; P = 0.002) and had a more severe histology (61% vs 32% Marsh 3b-c; P = 0.055), as compared to noncoeliac ones. Coeliac lymphogram was associated with a sensitivity of 87% (CI, 73.7-95) and specificity of 96.7% (82.7-99.9), whereas evaluating only TCRγδ+ yielded a sensitivity of 91.3% (79.2-97.6) and specificity of 83.3% (65.3-94.3).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/zanubrutini-bgb-3111.html  Among patients with a pre-test coeliac disease probability of 30%, post-test probabilities were 92% and 5% for positive and negative coeliac lymphogram, and 70% and 4% for positive and negative TCRγδ+ . CONCLUSIONS Coeliac lymphogram was associated with a high level of diagnostic evidence either against or in favour of coeliac disease in patients with seronegative villous atrophy. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND The da Vinci Surgical System (dVSP; Intuitive Surgical, Sunnyvale, CA, USA) was introduced to overcome the limitations of single-incision laparoscopic surgery, which is challenging due to its restrictions regarding triangulation and retraction. The purpose of this article is to describe the initial experience with single-incision surgery using the dVSP. METHODS The medical records of patients with colorectal disease, who underwent single-incision robotic surgery using the dVSP, were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS Five patients with appendiceal and colorectal cancer, and two with diverticulitis were enrolled. All procedures were completed using a pure single-incision approach, with an exception for low anterior resection. There were two minor complications. For patients with colorectal cancer, the number of retrieved lymph nodes and status of the resection margin were acceptable, and cosmetic results were satisfactory. CONCLUSION The dVSP is a novel surgical platform that can be used as an alternative surgical modality for colorectal surgery. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.OBJECTIVE Eating disorders (EDs) are associated with decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. The association between BMD and fracture risk in EDs is not well elucidated. We aimed to assess BMD in an ED cohort of patients with active disease and patients in remission, and to assess the predictive value of BMD on incidence of fractures. METHOD We included 344 female patients (median age 19, IQR 16; 24) referred to ED treatment. Later, patients were invited to follow-up including assessment of remission status and a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-scan. Information on fractures was obtained through the Danish National Registry of Patients. RESULTS Patients with current anorexia nervosa (AN) had significantly lower BMD compared to controls at lumbar spine (16% lower, p  less then  .0001), femoral neck (18% lower, p  less then  .0001), and total hip (23% lower, p  less then  .0001). Recovered AN patients had higher BMD compared to those with current disease (p  less then  .0001 for all measures), but lower BMD compared to controls at lumbar spine (p  less then  .01) and hip (p  less then  .001). BMD did not differ between BN patients and controls. In patients with active eating disorders not otherwise specified, BMD was lower only at the total hip (p  less then  .005). We found no association between BMD and fracture risk. CONCLUSION We confirm that AN is associated with low BMD, whereas BN is not. Remission is associated with higher BMD compared to patients with active AN, but a deficit remains. We found no significant association between BMD and fracture risk, challenging the benefit of the widespread use of DXA scans in young women with ED. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00267228. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.