Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) is an effective treatment for choledocholithiasis. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive factors associated with conversion during LCBDE and to assess the implications of conversion on the patients' postoperative course. A retrospective cohort study based on patients undergoing LCBDE between 2000 and 2018 was conducted. Uni- and multivariate regression analyses were performed. A total of 357 patients underwent LCBDE, and the conversion rate was 14.2%. The main reasons for conversion were lithiasis extraction (21; 41%) and difficult dissection (13; 26%). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk8612.html Independent predictors for conversion were increasing levels of serum bilirubin prior to surgery (OR=4.745, 95% CI 1.390-16.198; p=0.013), and emergency setting (OR=4.144, 95% CI 1.449-11.846; p=0.008). Age was independently associated with lower odds of conversion (OR=0.979, 95% CI 0.960-0.999; p=0.036). Conversion had a negative impact on the patients' postoperative course, including severe complication (21.6% vs. 5.2% p<0.001) and surgical reintervention (11.8% vs. 2.6% p=0.002) rates. Conversion to open surgery during LCBDE was associated with increased postoperative morbidity. Emergency surgery and increasing levels of serum bilirubin previous to surgery independently increase the probability of conversion; however age was independently associated with lower odds of conversion. Conversion to open surgery during LCBDE was associated with increased postoperative morbidity. Emergency surgery and increasing levels of serum bilirubin previous to surgery independently increase the probability of conversion; however age was independently associated with lower odds of conversion. Laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) represented potential treatments for patients with a single hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) smaller than 3cm. As the aging population soared, our study aimed to examine the advantage/drawback balance for these treatments, which should be reassessed in elderly patients. A multicentric retrospective study compared 184 elderly patients (aged >70 years) (86patients underwent LLR and 98 had RFA) with single ≤3cm HCC, observed from January 2009 to January 2019. After propensity score matching (PSM), the estimated 1- and 3-year overall survival rates were 96.5 and 87.9% for the LLR group, and 94.6 and 68.1% for the RFA group (p=0.001) respectively. The estimated 1- and 3-year disease-free survival rates were 92.5 and 67.4% for the LLR group, and 68.5 and 36.9% for the RFA group (p=0.001). Patients with HCC of anterolateral segments were more often treated with laparoscopic resection (47 vs. 36, p=0.04). The median operative time in the resection group was 205min and 25min in the RFA group (p=0.01). Length of hospital stay was 5 days in the resection group and 3 days in the RFA group (p=0.03). Despite a longer length of hospital stay and operative time, LLR guarantees a comparable postoperative course and a better overall and disease-free survival in elderly patients with single HCC (≤3cm), located in anterolateral segments. Despite a longer length of hospital stay and operative time, LLR guarantees a comparable postoperative course and a better overall and disease-free survival in elderly patients with single HCC (≤3 cm), located in anterolateral segments. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is effective for treatment resistant depression (TRD), but little is known about rTMS' effects on neurophysiological markers. We previously identified neurophysiological markers in depression (N45 and N100) of GABA receptor mediated inhibition. Here, we indexed TMS-electroencephalographic (TMS-EEG) effects of rTMS. TMS-EEG data was analyzed from a double blind 21 randomized active (10 Hz left/bilateral)sham rTMS TRD trial. Participants underwent TMS-EEG over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) before and after 6 weeks of rTMS. 30 had useable datasets. TMS-evoked potentials (TEP) and components (N45, N100, P60) were examined with global mean field analysis (GMFA) and locally in DLPFC regions of interest. The N45 amplitude differed between active and sham groups over time, N100 amplitude did not. N45 (t = 2.975, p = 0.007) and N100 amplitudes (t = 2.177, p = 0.042) decreased after active rTMS, demonstrating alterations in cortical inhibition. TEP amplitudes decreased after active rTMS in left (t = 4.887, p < 0.001) and right DLPFC (t = 4.403, p < 0.001) not sham rTMS, demonstrating alterations in cortical excitability. Our results provide important new knowledge regarding rTMS effects on TMS-EEG measures in TRD, suggesting rTMS reduces neurophysiological markers of inhibition and excitability. These findings uncover potentially important neurophysiological mechanisms of rTMS action. These findings uncover potentially important neurophysiological mechanisms of rTMS action. Cardiorespiratory arrests are rare in paediatric intensive care units, yet intensive care nurses must be able to initiate resuscitation before medical assistance is available. For resuscitation to be successful, instant decision-making, team communication, and the coordinating role of the first responsible nurse are crucial. In-house resuscitation training for nurses includes technical and nontechnical skills. The aim of this study was to develop a valid, reliable, and feasible assessment instrument, called the Professional Assessment Tool for Team Improvement, for the first responsible nurse's technical and nontechnical skills. Instrument development followed the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments guidelines and professionals' expertise. To establish content validity, experts reached consensus via group discussions about the content and the operationalisation of this team role. The instrument was tested using two resuscitation assessment scenarios. Inter-raterlls after training) needs to be established. The Professional Assessment Tool for Team Improvement appears to be a promising valid and reliable instrument to assess both technical and nontechnical skills of the first responsible paediatric intensive care unit nurse. The ability of the instrument to detect change over time (i.e., improvement of skills after training) needs to be established.