Rapid restoration of muscle glycogen stores is imperative for athletes undertaking consecutive strenuous exercise sessions with limited recovery time (e.g. ≤ 8 h). Strategies to optimise muscle glycogen re-synthesis in this situation are essential. This two-part systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effect of consuming carbohydrate (CHO) with and without protein (PRO) on the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis during short-term post-exercise recovery (≤ 8 h).
 
  Studies were identified via the online databases Web of Science and Scopus. Investigations that measured muscle glycogen via needle biopsy during recovery (with the first measurement taken ≤ 30 min post-exercise and at least one additional measure taken ≤ 8 h post-exercise) following a standardised exercise bout (any type) under the following control vs. intervention conditions were included in the meta-analysis part 1, water (or non-nutrient beverage) vs. CHO, and part 2, CHO vs. CHO+PRO. Publications were examined for methodologicalared to CHO alone (0.95 ± 0.3 g·kg BM
  h
  ); MG
  re-synthesis rate = 0.4 mmol·kg  dm
  h
  , 95% CI -2.7 to 3.4, p = 0.805; I
  = 56.4%.
 
  Athletes with limited time for recovery between consecutive exercise sessions should prioritise regular intake of CHO, while co-ingesting PRO with CHO appears unlikely to enhance (or impede) the rate of muscle glycogen re-synthesis.
 
  Registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (identification code CRD42020156841 ).
 Registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (identification code CRD42020156841 ).A wearable sensor system is available for monitoring of bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), however, it remains unclear whether kinematic parameters would reflect clinical severity of PD, or would help clinical diagnosis of physicians. The present study investigated whether the classification model using kinematic parameters from the wearable sensor may show accordance with clinical rating and diagnosis in PD patients. Using the Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) sensor, we measured the movement of finger tapping (FT), hand movements (HM), and rapid alternating movements (RA) in 25 PD patients and 21 healthy controls. Through the analysis of the measured signal, 11 objective features were derived. In addition, a clinician who specializes in movement disorders viewed the test video and evaluated each of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores. In all items of FT, HM, RA, the correlation between the linear regression score obtained through objective features (angle, period, coefficient variances for angle and period, change rates of angle and period, angular velocity, total angle, frequency, magnitude, and frequency × magnitude) and the clinician's UPDRS score was analyzed, and there was a significant correlation (rho > 0.7, p  less then  0.001). PD patients and controls were classified by deep learning using objective features. As a result, it showed a high performance with an area under the curve (AUC) about as high as 0.9 (FT Total = 0.950, HM Total = 0.889, RA Total = 0.888, ALL Total = 0.926. This showed similar performance to the classification result of binary logistic regression and neurologist, and significantly higher than that of family medicine specialists. Our results suggest that the deep learning model using objective features from the IMU sensor can be usefully used to identify and evaluate bradykinesia, especially for general physicians not specializing in neurology.Poxviruses have been long regarded as potent inhibitors of apoptotic cell death. More recently, they have been shown to inhibit necroptotic cell death through two distinct strategies. These strategies involve either blocking virus sensing by the host pattern recognition receptor, ZBP1 (also called DAI) or by influencing receptor interacting protein kinase (RIPK)3 signal transduction by inhibition of activation of the executioner of necroptosis, mixed lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL). Vaccinia virus E3 specifically blocks ZBP1 → RIPK3 → MLKL necroptosis, leaving virus-infected cells susceptible to the TNF death-receptor signaling (e.g., TNFR1 → FADD → RIPK1 → RIPK3 → MLKL), and, potentially, TLR3 → TRIF → RIPK3 → MLKL necroptosis.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ABT-263.html  While E3 restriction of necroptosis appears to be common to many poxviruses that infect vertebrate hosts, another modulatory strategy not observed in vaccinia or variola virus manifests through subversion of MLKL activation. Recently described viral mimics of MLKL in other chordopoxviruses inhibit all three modes of necroptotic cell death. As with inhibition of apoptosis, the evolution of potentially redundant viral mechanisms to inhibit programmed necroptotic cell death emphasizes the importance of this pathway in the arms race between pathogens and their hosts.Invasive plants cause changes to native plant communities and nutrient cycling, and by doing so, may alter the amount and quality of habitat available for animals at multiple trophic levels, including arthropods. Arthropods are generally abundant, diverse, and contribute to energy flow and nutrient cycling and are, therefore, an important group to study as a way of determining the effects of changes to ecosystem functioning. Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L.), a perennial forb native to Eastern Europe, is considered one of the most ecologically harmful invasive species in Western North America. Here, we test if spotted knapweed alters plant community, ground litter and ground temperature, and arthropod functional group structure and biomass in grassland habitats in British Columbia, Canada. Pitfall traps, installed at 20 sites that differed in spotted knapweed density, were sorted into herbivores, omnivores, predators, detritivores, and parasites. Decreases in herbivore and detritivore biomass was associated with increasing spotted knapweed density. The first two coordinates of a Principle Coordinates Analysis explained a cumulative 60% of the variation, and herbivores were separated from predators on both axes. The results suggest that spotted knapweed density may affect arthropod functional groups through changes in plant community composition, and surface soil temperatures. The results suggest that in terms of relative abundance and biomass, increasing knapweed density had positive effects on some arthropod functional groups, neutral effects on others, and negative effects on others. Thus, not all arthropod functional groups responded equally to knapweed invasion, and knapweed invasion does not necessarily decrease arthropod functional group diversity.