[This corrects the article DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0235796.].[This corrects the article DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0227807.].Tobacco use is a serious public health concern as it causes various deleterious health problems. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tobacco use and various types of tobacco used among a population-based sample of adults 18 years and above in Qatar (residents and expatriates). The study also attempted to assess tobacco use initiation age, tobacco dependency, and to identify factors associated with current tobacco use. This 2019 cross-sectional study was conducted among governmental employees and University students in Qatar using cluster sampling methodology. Study participants completed a self-administered, country-adapted summarized version of the Global Adult Tobacco Survey. 25.2% (n = 1741; N = 6904) of the surveyed sample reported current tobacco use. 21.5% (n = 1481) smoked tobacco (cigarettes, waterpipe, medwakh and cigar) concomitant with other forms of tobacco and only 1.0% (n = 69) were using other forms of tobacco (electronic cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and heat-not-burn tobace of tobacco use (current) in Qatar has declined suggesting that tobacco control measures implemented by the country have been effective in reducing tobacco consumption.
  Acute augmentation of stress and disruption of training, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic, may impact resident wellbeing.
 
  We investigated how residents in various specialties in the United States were impacted by COVID-19 on mental wellbeing and resilience levels, and the methodology for coping with the stress incurred.
 
  In April 2020, the authors electronically surveyed 200 residency programs of all specialties nationally. The survey utilized two validated questionnaires to assess wellbeing and resilience, while investigating demographics and coping mechanisms. The authors used student t-test and ANOVA to quantitatively analyze the data.
 
  The sample consisted of 1115 respondents (with an 18% response rate). Male gender & Age >39 years were associated with more favorable average well-being indices (both p<0.01). Regarding resources, institutional support (IS) appeared favorable for resident well-being (IS 2.74, SD1.96 vs NoIS 3.71, SD2.29, p<0.01) & resilience (IS 3.72, SD0.70 vs NoIS 3.53, SD0.73, p = 0.05). The effects of mindfulness practices (MP) were not statistically significant for improvement of wellness (MP 2.87, SD 1.99 vs No MP 2.76, SD 2.15, p = 0.85) or resilience (MP 3.71, SD 0.70 vs No MP 3.72, SD 0.68, p = 0.87).
 
  Findings highlight the critical importance of resident mental status in cases of augmented stress situations. Institutional support may contribute to promotion of resident wellbeing.
 Findings highlight the critical importance of resident mental status in cases of augmented stress situations. Institutional support may contribute to promotion of resident wellbeing.
  To investigate the association between peripheral vasospasm and the visual field (VF) progression rate in patients with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) with low-teen intraocular pressure (IOP).
 
  The finger temperature of 113 NTG patients was measured before and after exposure to ice water using a Temperature gun (cold pressor test).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD8055.html  These patients had confirmed VF progression, despite a low-teen IOP during a follow-up period of >5 years. VF progression rates were calculated as the slope of the visual field index (VFI) and mean deviation (MD) over time. Demographic, systemic, and ocular factors and VF progression rates were compared, based on the cold pressor test results. A regression analysis was used to investigate the factors affecting VF progression rates.
 
  Mean age, initial IOP, mean IOP during the follow-up period, and initial VF MD were 57.1 years, 15.8 mmHg, 12.0 mmHg, and -5.2 dB, respectively. When patients were divided into two groups (less vasospasm and more vasospasm) according to changes in temperature after exposure to ice water, the VF progression rate was significantly faster in the group with more vasospasm. In a multiple regression analysis, older age, worse initial VF MD, and greater decrease in finger temperature after ice water exposure were significantly associated with faster VF progression rates.
 
  An excessive drop in finger temperature after exposure to ice water was significantly associated with faster VF progression in patients with low-teen NTG. This suggests that the blood flow in the optic nerve head may also be disturbed by peripheral vasospasm, accelerating glaucomatous damage regardless of IOP.
 An excessive drop in finger temperature after exposure to ice water was significantly associated with faster VF progression in patients with low-teen NTG. This suggests that the blood flow in the optic nerve head may also be disturbed by peripheral vasospasm, accelerating glaucomatous damage regardless of IOP.
  The incidence of invasive meningococcal disease due to serogroup C (MenC) decreased in Portugal since the introduction of the conjugate vaccine (MCC) in the free market in 2001 and in the National Immunisation Plan in 2006. Considering the potential waning of the antibody response reported in the literature, the different vaccination schemes that were used in our country over the past decade, and that Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C continues to circulate, the Portuguese population may currently be at increased risk of infection. In the absence of national data, we evaluated the seroprotection level of the Portuguese population against MenC, in order to identify the protected fraction of the population and ponder on the necessity of a booster dose of the MCC vaccine.
 
  We measured serum bactericidal antibody levels against MenC in a representative sample of the population (n = 1500) aged 2-64 years who participated in the 2015/2016 National Serological Survey.
 
  A total of 31.1% (466/1500, 95%CI 29-33%) with the already known waning effect of the antibody response over time, may indicate that the Portuguese population will become progressively more exposed to the risk of infection. Taking in consideration our results, we recommend to change the current vaccination strategy and introduce a booster dose of the MCC vaccine during adolescence.