https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cd532.html All three MoCA versions are largely equivalent based on MoCA-TS and the test-retest reliabilities show that this score is suitable to monitor cognitive change over time. Comparisons of the domain-specific scores should be interpreted with caution.Key pointsThe MoCA total score is a reliable cognitive measure.All three MoCA versions are largely equivalent.Age, education and intelligence are predictors of MoCA performance in healthy participants.Future studies should focus on collecting normative data for age, education and intelligence for use in clinical practice.INTRODUCTION The inability to extinguish a conditioned fear is thought to be at the core of post-traumatic stress disorder. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy has been efficacious for post-traumatic stress disorder, but the brain mechanisms underlying the effect are still unknown. The core effect of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy seems to rely on the simultaneous association of bilateral alternating stimulation and the recall of the traumatic memory. To shed light on how eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy functions, we aimed to highlight the structures activated by bilateral alternating stimulation during fear extinction and its recall. METHODS We included 38 healthy participants in this study. Participants were examined twice in functional magnetic resonance imaging, over 2 consecutive days. On the first day, they performed two fear conditioning and extinction procedures, one with and one without the bilateral alternating stimulation during the feashow for the first time that in the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy the bilateral alternating stimulation is not a simple sensory signal and can activate large emotional neural networks.Objective Recent literature has shown a growing interest in the relationship between presbycusis and cognitive decline, but significant evidence about