https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd3229.html Caffeine as tested in the CAP trial is safe and effective for preterm infants with birthweights less than 1250 g. Evidence for its use beyond the indications and timing used in this trial is of low quality and conflicting. Some studies suggest that earlier use of caffeine increases the risk of mortality while others suggest it has important benefits. It appears that infants with apnea of prematurity and those receiving assisted ventilation are the most likely to benefit from caffeine. Based on currently available evidence, routine early prescription of caffeine does not appear to be indicated. Infants continue to have potentially damaging episodes of hypoxia secondary to apnea beyond 34 weeks' postmenstrual age. It is unclear whether prolonged use of caffeine improves outcomes in these infants. Randomized trials to resolve these uncertainties are required. They need to be large, at least the size of the CAP trial, and include neurodevelopmental outcomes. Metabolic surgery is a standard treatment for obesity with type 2 diabetes (T2D), although the effects of metabolic surgery on the incidence rate of microvascular complications remain controversial. We aimed to evaluate the effect of metabolic surgery versus nonsurgical treatments on the incidence rate of microvascular complications in obesity with T2D. A meta-analysis of published studies. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library to identify clinical studies assessing the effect of metabolic surgery on the incidence rate of microvascular diabetic complications compared with that of nonsurgical treatments. We extracted the primary outcomes, including the incidence rate of microvascular complications after metabolic surgery. A total of 32,756 participants from 12 studies were identified. Metabolic surgery reduced the incidence rate of microvascular complications (odds ratios [OR], .34; 95% confidence intervals [CI], .30-.39; P < .001) compared with