https://www.selleckchem.com/products/5-chloro-2-deoxyuridine.html saging (addressing reticence to immunization) adaptations, they could constitute a key complementary approach to health facility points of delivery. Walk-up sites increased testing availability for some vulnerable populations who took advantage of the sites' proximity, although inequalities appear at the metropolitan scale. As cities are planning community vaccination campaigns, mobile, walk-up sites appear to improve both coverage and accessibility for hard-to-reach populations. With adequate technical (vaccine dose refrigeration) and messaging (addressing reticence to immunization) adaptations, they could constitute a key complementary approach to health facility points of delivery. The influence of scaler tip design on root surface roughness, tooth substance loss and patients' pain perception is investigated. This article was divided into the following parts Part 1 Surface roughness and substance loss an in vitro study, which involves intact extracted teeth sectioned and treated using a piezoelectric ultrasonic device (PM200 EMS Piezon, Switzerland) with a conventional scaler tip (FS-407) and a Perio Slim (PS) scaler tip (Perio Slim DS-016A). All sectioned samples for tooth surface roughness (n = 20) and tooth substance loss (n = 46) analyses were measured and compared using a 3D surface texture analyser and scanning electron microscope (SEM) respectively, at baseline and following scaling. Part 2 Pain Perception a clinical study, which was a split mouth study design including 30 participants with gingivitis and/or mild chronic periodontitis; treated with supra-gingival scaling from teeth #13 to #23. Subjects were randomised to group A or group B. Group A was treated first with PS sider scaler tip design. In the clinical study, less pain was observed compared than a wide (conventional) scaler tip design. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups, particularly lower SES males, are at greater risk of a