https://www.selleckchem.com/products/brivudine.html 1%); 87 (53%) were physicians and 77 (47%) were nurses. Underreporting was common, particularly among physicians. Out of physicians and nurses, 57.1% and 49.4% had poor knowledge, respectively. Participants reported their own or colleagues' errors alike, but physicians tended to only provide verbal warning to their colleagues (36.8%), and nurses stated they would report the colleagues' errors, if it was serious (32.4%). Fear of blame and punishment and fear of legal ramification were the most important perceived barriers. Conclusions Improvements in current medical error registry system, implementing effective educational courses, and modifying the curricula for students seem to be necessary to resolve the problem of underreporting and poor knowledge level. Copyright © 2020 International Journal of Preventive Medicine.Background In the past decade, factors such as population growth, increased environmental incidents, and substance abuse have caused patient-overcrowding in emergency departments (EDs). Our main objective was to assess the effects of a discharge lounge on decreasing the patient waiting time and ED overcrowding by computer simulation. Methods In this cross-sectional retrospective study, the statistical population consisted of 39264 persons referred to the ED of Al-Zahra Hospital. The sample size was calculated as 1275 through systematic random sampling at 99% confidence. To increase research accuracy, the number of patients was increased to 2515. Data were collected by standardized checklists and hospital information systems. Results Mean waiting time for level 2 patients who left the ED against medical advice after completing the treatment was declined from 56 min to 44 min and before completing the treatment process from 80 min to 50 min. Average waiting time for level 3 patients for personal satisfaction after completing the treatment process decreased from 15 min to 13 min and before the completion