It was observed in this work that application of Pb and B[a]P co-exposure significantly (p  less then  0.05) reduced Pb content in ryegrass leaves and roots. The effect of Pb dominated the change of N, P, K, Cu, and Cr content in leaves and roots of ryegrass under joint stress of Pb and B[a]P. Principal component analysis showed that the foliar spraying of 400 μmol L-1 Pb and 80 μmol L-1 B[a]P had the best effect on improving the mineral element absorption under combined pollution. Ryegrass has strong resistance and certain Pb and B[a]P absorptive capacities, and can resist combined contamination by transferring N, P, K, Zn, Cu, and Cr contents between the overground and the root. These results highlight the potential capacity of ryegrass for use in the phytoremediation of soils contaminated by Pb and B[a]P.The present literature review presents the current state of the art on the prevalence and causes of the rebound phenomenon after successful correction of leg axis deformity using temporary epiphysiodesis in children and adolescents. A total of 20 studies was included by three independent reviewers. The validity of most studies regarding the rebound incidence is limited by a non-standardized follow-up after plate removal, heterogeneous patient groups with a small number of cases, and missing information on the definition of rebound. The rebound incidence in studies without fundamental limitations in study design is on an average about 50% and underlines the clinical relevance of the topic. Only four studies reported reasons or risk factors for the occurrence of a rebound. In particular, a young age at the beginning of treatment with high residual growth potential after implant removal represents an increased rebound risk, which can be minimized by appropriate overcorrection of the leg axis.
  Instrumented 3D gait analysis (IGA) has been established for the functional evaluation of orthopedic diseases. It can provide valuable additional information beyond conventional static radiographic diagnostics and, thus, contributes to treatment decisions and asuccessful surgical outcome. Regarding the assessment of leg axis deformities IGA is currently only used in afew specialized centers.
 
  This article describes the methods used by IGA and shows its benefit for the treatment of leg axis deformities of the knee in the frontal plane. In particular, the calculation of dynamic joint loads provides important insights regarding the development of degenerative joint deformities in the knee joint and, thus, complements the static assessment of the leg axis. A new treatment algorithm for guided growth intervention in children and adolescents by temporary epiphysiodesis is presented. IGA can be particularly useful for clinical decision-making in borderline cases. If there is adiscrepancy between the static leg axis and dynamic knee joint loading, IGA can reveal potential compensatory mechanisms during walking.
 This article describes the methods used by IGA and shows its benefit for the treatment of leg axis deformities of the knee in the frontal plane. In particular, the calculation of dynamic joint loads provides important insights regarding the development of degenerative joint deformities in the knee joint and, thus, complements the static assessment of the leg axis. A new treatment algorithm for guided growth intervention in children and adolescents by temporary epiphysiodesis is presented. IGA can be particularly useful for clinical decision-making in borderline cases. If there is a discrepancy between the static leg axis and dynamic knee joint loading, IGA can reveal potential compensatory mechanisms during walking.
  Nowadays, osteotomy near the knee joint for axial deformities has become an indispensable surgical procedure for joint preservation in the orthopaedic-surgical spectrum. The exact localization and analysis of the deformity are crucial to restoring physiological loading conditions of the entire leg by means of asuitable osteotomy.
 
  Thus, above all, the medial "open-wedge" osteotomy has established itself as astandard procedure for the treatment of gonarthrosis caused by varus malalignment. Furthermore, the varus closed-wedge osteotomy of the distal femur also shows very good long-term results.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/atn-161.html  Basically, osteotomies close to the knee are causal corrections in which biological and mechanical aspects must be taken into account. Thus, the correct indication, attention to risk factors, and surgical technique determine the long-term success of the procedure. The doctrine of femoral valgus deformity and the resulting lateral arthrosis, on the other hand, must be reconsidered according to the latest knowledge.
 Thus, above all, the medial "open-wedge" osteotomy has established itself as a standard procedure for the treatment of gonarthrosis caused by varus malalignment. Furthermore, the varus closed-wedge osteotomy of the distal femur also shows very good long-term results. Basically, osteotomies close to the knee are causal corrections in which biological and mechanical aspects must be taken into account. Thus, the correct indication, attention to risk factors, and surgical technique determine the long-term success of the procedure. The doctrine of femoral valgus deformity and the resulting lateral arthrosis, on the other hand, must be reconsidered according to the latest knowledge.Radiographic measurement of the lower limb alignment in the frontal plane is used to assess limb deformity, to plan corrective surgery and for follow-up. It is essential that age-related normal lower limb alignment and joint orientation angles are known before planning surgical treatment. EOS (EOS™ Imaging, Paris, France) can lead to supplemental information, especially in cases of severe multidimensional joint malalignment. It allows 3D reconstruction of a bone model of the limb to assess multi-dimensional deformity.
  From birth to the end of growth, leg axes undergo physiological changes. Congenital, idiopathic or secondary deformities of the lower extremities are considered as apre-arthrosis. Adetailed clinical examination is of primary importance. On the basis of the established preventive examinations, predominantly asymptomatic deformities can be distinguished from age-typical physiological axis deviations at an early stage.
 
  There is avariety of conservative and surgical therapy options. In most cases, the spontaneous course of development can be waited for, depending on the deformity and the associated restrictions. It is important to recognize the right time for an intervention. Usually, surgical interventions are necessary, including guided growth by permanent and partial arrest of the growth plate or osteotomies. The aim is to restore the anatomical axial alignment and thus prevent the development of osteoarthritis. Amissed intervention often leads to an early endoprosthetic replacement in adulthood.
 There is a variety of conservative and surgical therapy options.