https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jh-re-06.html coli-induced inflammation. The protective effect of Lact. fermentum was further confirmed by suppression of nuclear translocation of cytoplasmic NF-κB subunit (p-65). Lactobacillus fermentum alleviated E. coli-induced inflammatory responses by modulating the NF-κB signalling besides pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines expression. Lactobacillus fermentum holds significant promise as a potent nutraceutical that prevents and manages inflammatory gut-associated dysfunctions. Lactobacillus fermentum holds significant promise as a potent nutraceutical that prevents and manages inflammatory gut-associated dysfunctions. Allergic asthma is a common inflammatory lung disease and a major health problem worldwide. Mast cells (MCs) play a key role in the early-stage pathophysiology of allergic asthma. Substance P (SP) functions in neurogenic inflammation by activating MCs, and therefore, it may to participate in the occurrence and development of asthma. We examined the relationship between SP and lung inflammation, and also whether SP can directly trigger asthma. We measured the number of peripheral blood eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils and evaluated the levels of IgE and SP in blood samples of 86 individuals with allergic asthma. Serum IgE and SP levels were also determined in 29 healthy individuals. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to different doses of SP, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to count the inflammatory cells. Lung tissues were analysed using histopathological methods to evaluate lung peribronchial inflammation, fibrosis and glycogen deposition. Levels of IgE, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17 and IFN-γ were determined in mouse serum. Substance P levels were increased in the serum samples of patients with asthma. SP induced mouse lung peribronchial inflammation, fibrosis and glycogen deposition, with high levels of Th2-related cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 obse