Despite of their potent therapeutic implica-tions, concerns have arisen in context to their efficacy and probable clinical outcome. Thus, to overcome these glitches many heterocyclic and cyclic hydrocarbon compounds inspired by natural sources have been synthesized and showed im-proved therapeutic activity. Computational studies (molecular docking) have been used to predict the binding affinity of these natural bioactive as well as synthetic compounds derived from natural sources for the acetylcholine esterase, α/β secretase Nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells(NF-kB),Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) and other neurological targets. Thus, in this review, we have discussed molecular etiology of AD, focused on the pharmacotherapeutics of natural product, chemical and pharmacological aspects and multi-targeted designed ligands (MTDLs) of synthetic and semisynthetic molecules derived from the natural sources along with some important on-going clinical trials.Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the primary liver cancer that has shown a high incidence and mortality rate worldwide among several types of cancers. A large variety of chemotherapeutic agents employed for the treatment has a limited success rate owing to their limited site-specific drug targeting ability. Thus, there is a demand to develop novel approaches for the treatment of HCC. With advancements in nanotechnology-based drug delivery approaches, the chal-lenges of conventional chemotherapy have been continuously decreasing. Nanomedicines constituted of lipidic and poly-meric composites provide a better platform for delivering and open new pathways for HCC treatment. A score of nanocar-riers such as surface-engineered liposomes, nanoparticles, nanotubes, micelles, quantum dots, etc. has been investigated in the treatment of HCC. These nanocarriers are considered to be highly effective clinically for delivering chemotherapeutic drugs with high site-specificity ability and therapeutic efficiency. The present review highlights the current focus on the application of nanocarrier systems using various ligand-based receptor-specific targeting strategies for the treatment and management of HCC. Moreover, the article has also included information on the current clinically approved drug therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma treatment and updates of regulatory requirements for approval of such nanomedicines.Advancing age presents a major challenge for the elderly population in terms of quality of life. The risk of cognitive impairment, motor in-coordination, and behavioral inconsistency due to neuronal damage is relatively higher in aging individuals of society. The brain, through its structural and functional integrity, regulates vital physiological events; however, the susceptibility of the brain to aging-related disturbances signal the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunctions impair bioenergetic mechanism, synaptic plasticity, and calcium homeostasis in the brain, thus sufficiently implying mitochondria as a prime causal factor in accelerating aging-related neurodegeneration. We reviewed the fundamental functions of mitochondria in a healthy brain and aimed to address the key issues in aging-related diseases by asking 1) What goes wrong with mitochondria in the aging brain? 2) What are the implications of mitochondrial damage on motor functions and psychiatric symptoms? 3) How environmental chemicals and metabolic morbidities affect mitochondrial functions? Further, we share insight on opportunities and pitfalls in drug discovery approaches targeting mitochondria to slow down the progression of aging and related neurodegenerative diseases.Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of global deaths.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lenalidomide-s1029.html  Prominent changes in the Central Nervous System (CNS) are observable including emotional, cognitive and behavioural changes during the recovery phase of a stroke. Brain ischemia affects a large portion of patients across the world with permanent disability or death. During the ischemic stroke onset, apart from inducing brain damage, existing microglial cells, immune cells, inflammatory factors such as chemokines and cytokines affect the process of brain repair. For the reduction of this damage, there is a need of understanding the basic mechanisms involved in ischemic stroke and how to repair it with the help of efficient therapeutic strategies. Presently, antiinflammatory therapeutic measures are the most potent alternatives for its prevention. Due to the existence of various drawbacks in this therapy, newer remedial measures are required to overcome this situation. The most economically efficient treatment option, with lesser side effects, is utilization of medicinal plants. Worldwide plants are utilized for the treatment of various diseases such as bacterial infection, skin disorders, cancer, asthma, respiratory problems, etc. Various medicinal plants have been administered over a long period, and they have been proven to cure ischemic strokes. Therefore, in this review, an overview of various plants and their phytocompounds which are responsible for the treatment of ischemic stroke has been discussed.
  After the recognition of the efficacy of cod-liver oil in rickets at the end of the eighteenth century, and the isolation and synthesis of the liposoluble vitamin D in 1931, its mode of actions and functions were deepened. Biochemical studies permitted to identify five forms of vitamin D, called D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 differing in ultrastructural conformation and origin, with vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and D3 (cholecalciferol) representing the active forms. In the last decades especially, a constantly increasing bulk of data highlighted how vitamin D could regulate several activities and processes.
 
  The aim of the present papers is at reviewing and commenting on literature on vitamin D, with a focus on its possible role in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
 
  Available literature indicates that vitamin D regulates a variety of processes in humans and in the central nervous system. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with enhanced pro-inflammatory state, increased formation of Aβ oligomers that might contribute to the cognitive decline typical of the elderly age and, perhaps, dementias.