The US Census confirms a rise in Spanish-speakers, many of whom have limited English proficiency (LEP) and require interpreters. Parent perceptions of interpreter services throughout hospitalization are unknown.
 
  To explore Spanish-speaking LEP parents' views regarding roles of interpreters and providers (attending, resident, or nurse) during a hospital encounter, optimal modalities of interpretation, and barriers to services.
 
  Spanish-speaking LEP parents of children discharged from the hospital medicine service participated in focus groups. Sessions were audio-recorded and transcribed in Spanish, translated into English, and verified for translation accuracy. Qualitative methods were used for thematic analysis.
 
  Four sessions (n=23 participants representing 15 families) were held. Parents felt the interpreter's primary role was to act as a conduit for word-for-word interpretation. They desired kind and trustworthy interpreters with medical knowledge. They saw providers as leaders of the encounter who sider updates, and additional navigation support as essential components of effective care. Next steps include implementing guidelines and interventions to optimize interpreter services.
  Mitochondrial myopathy (MM) encompasses a clinical heterogenous group of patients that can be difficult to diagnose. The aim of this study was to investigate if changes in plasma lactate concentration during a 6-minute submaximal handgrip test (6MHGT) and a 20-minute post-exercise recovery period can be used as a diagnostic test for MM.
 
  Twenty-nine patients with MM and nineteen healthy controls (HC) performed an intermittent handgrip exercise test at ½ Hz for 6min at 50% of maximal voluntary contraction force. We calculated the area under the curve (AUC) of change in plasma lactate during exercise and recovery and compared AUC between groups (MM vs. HC, and between MM subgroups based on disease severity).
 
  The change in plasma lactate during exercise and recovery was similar in MM and HC (p=0.65 and p=0.57) and similar between MM subgroups (p≥0.24).
 
  Plasma lactate measured during and after a submaximal 6MHGT cannot be used as a diagnostic variable for MM.
 Plasma lactate measured during and after a submaximal 6MHGT cannot be used as a diagnostic variable for MM.Barth syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by pathogenic variants in TAZ, which leads to a reduction in cardiolipin with a concomitant elevation of monolysocardiolipins. There is a paucity of studies characterizing changes in individual species of monolysocardiolipins, dilysocardiolipins and cardiolipin in Barth syndrome using high resolution untargeted lipidomics that can accurately annotate and quantify diverse lipids.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/td139.html  We confirmed the structural diversity monolysocardiolipins, dilysocardiolipins and cardiolipin and identified individual species that showed previously unreported alterations in BTHS. Development of mass spectrometry-based targeted assays for these lipid biomarkers should provide an important tool for clinical diagnosis of Barth syndrome.
  Left frontal alpha oscillations are associated with decreased approach motivation and have been proposed as a target for non-invasive brain stimulation for the treatment of depression and anhedonia. Indeed, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at the alpha frequency reduced left frontal alpha power and was associated with a higher response rate than placebo stimulation in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) in a recent double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial.
 
  In this current study, we aimed to replicate successful target engagement by delineating the effects of a single session of bifrontal tACS at the individualized alpha frequency (IAF-tACS) on alpha oscillations in patients with MDD. 84 participants were randomized to receive verum or sham IAF-tACS. Electrical brain activity was recorded during rest and while viewing emotionally-salient images before and after stimulation to investigate if the modulation of alpha oscillation by tACS exhibited specificity with regards to valence.
 
  In agreement with the previous study of tACS in MDD, we found that a single session of bifrontal IAF-tACS reduced left frontal alpha power during the resting state when compared to placebo. Furthermore, the reduction of left frontal alpha oscillation by tACS was specific for stimuli with positive valence. In contrast, these effects on left frontal alpha power were not found in healthy control participants.
 
  Together these results support an important role of tACS in reducing left frontal alpha oscillations as a future treatment for MDD.
 Together these results support an important role of tACS in reducing left frontal alpha oscillations as a future treatment for MDD.
  Early life experiences have profound effects on functioning in adulthood. Altered cortical development may be one mechanism through which early life experiences, including poverty and psychopathology symptoms, impact outcomes. However, there is little prospective research beginning early in development that combines clinician rated psychopathology symptoms and multi-wave MRI to examine when these relationships emerge.
 
  Children from the Preschool Depression Study who completed diagnostic interviews at three different developmental stages (preschool, school-age, early adolescent) and up to three MRI scans beginning in middle childhood participated in the current study (N=138). Multilevel models were used to calculate intercepts and slopes of cortical thickness within a priori cortical regions of interest (Sotiras et al., PNAS 2017). Linear regressions probed how early life poverty and psychopathology (depression, anxiety, and externalizing symptoms at separate developmental periods) related to intercept/slontal stage specifically have the potential for prolonged influence on brain development. Negative early experiences collectively predicted reduced cortical thickness, but the specific neural systems impacted aligned with those typically implicated in these individual disorders/experiences.
  Early low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with poor outcomes in childhood, many of which endure into adulthood. It is critical to determine how early low SES relates to trajectories of brain development, and whether these mediate relationships to poor outcomes. We use data from a unique 17-year longitudinal study with five waves of structural brain imaging to prospectively examine relationships between preschool SES and cognitive, social, academic, and psychiatric outcomes in early adulthood.
 
  Children (n=216, 50% female, 47.2% non-white) were recruited from a study of early onset depression and followed approximately annually. Family income-to-needs ratios (SES) were assessed when children were ages 3 to 5. Volumes of cortical gray and white matter, and subcortical gray matter collected across five scan waves were processed using the Freesurfer longitudinal pipeline. When youth were ages 16+, cognitive function was assessed using the NIH Toolbox, and psychiatric diagnoses, high-risk behaviors, educational function, and social function were assessed using clinician administered and parent/youth report measures.