https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ar-c155858.html ce. The metrics could be surrogate end points in research to optimize simulated laryngoscopy training. Resuscitation simulations immerse learners into the complexity of emergency patient management. Head-Mounted Display Virtual Reality (VR) has been used for stress inoculation therapy for phobias and posttraumatic stress disorder. However, VR for stress inoculation in resuscitation leadership training has not been studied. We sought to develop VR simulation for stress inoculation, as exposure therapy training, for resuscitations. We explain the conceptual design, development, production, and initial evaluation process for 2 VR simulations in infant status epilepticus and pediatric anaphylactic shock. We further describe deliberate game mechanic choices to maximize psychological fidelity. In-virtual reality performance data for time-to-critical actions and stress physiology markers (heart rate, salivary cortisol) were collected from expert pediatric emergency physicians and novice pediatric residents. Data were analyzed to examine differences between the 2 groups for both outcome types to determine the exte of VR simulation as longitudinal stress inoculation for healthcare providers. Simulation played a critical role in our institution's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. With the rapid influx of critically ill patients, resource limitations, and presented safety concerns, simulation became a vital tool that provided solutions to the many challenges we faced. In this article, we describe how simulation training was deployed at our institution throughout the course of the pandemic, which included the period of our medical surge. Simulation helped refine protocols, facilitate practice changes, uncover safety gaps, and train redeployed healthcare workers in unfamiliar roles. We also discuss the obstacles we encountered with implementing simulations during the pandemic, the measures we took to adapt to