https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nec-1s-7-cl-o-nec1.html This study quantified the uncertainty sources of the PN systems (i) due to the technical requirements and the calibrations, (ii) due to the unknown particle sizes during measurement, (iii) due to particle losses from the vehicle to the PN systems at the tailpipe or the dilution tunnel, (iv) other parameters needed for the calculation of the emissions, non-related to the PN systems, e.g. flow and distance. The expanded uncertainty of the 23 nm laboratory systems sampling from the dilution tunnel was estimated to be 32%, with 18% originating from the calibration procedures, while of those sampling from the tailpipe 34%. For the 23 nm portable systems measuring on-road the uncertainty was 39%. The values were 2-8% higher for the 10 nm systems.Heavy metals contained in sewage sludge may cause potential environmental pollution. In this study, compound binders were used to stabilize and solidify the sludge, which aims to reduce hazard of heavy metals. The strength and leaching behavior of heavy metals from treated sludge was investigated by performing a series of laboratory experiments including the unconfined compressive strength (UCS), the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), the sequential chemical extraction (SCE), and the semi-dynamic leaching test (Semi-DLT). The experimental results showed that the UCS of sludge was significantly improved after stabilization and solidification (S/S) treatment, therefore it can be used as low graded material for landfill. According to the TCLP tests, the selected heavy metals (i.e. Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni) became more stable under acid conditions in short term. From the SCE tests, some heavy metals were effectively converted into stable form in S/S process. The long term leaching behavior of the heavy metals was also evaluated by the diffusion coefficients (De) and leaching index (L) calculated by the data obtained from the Semi-DLT tests. Low De values showed the