Nodal involvement as a sign of poor prognosis in colloid breast carcinoma ranges only between 12 and 19%. Therefore, axillary node clearance is usually excluded during the surgery of colloid breast carcinomas. However, in the presence of high-risk characteristics, mastectomy involving axillary lymph node dissection is still contentious. In patients with Her-2 overexpression, treatment using anti-Her2 (trastuzumab) is also still disputed in colloid breast carcinoma because of the higher resistance rates. Conclusion Although clinically aggressive colloid breast carcinoma is rare, thorough clinical assessment and immediate treatment initiation will be beneficial for patients with high risk of relapse and metastatic spread. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of IJS Publishing Group Ltd.Introduction Optimal implant density for posterior spinal fusion in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remains controversial. We aimed to examine radiographic outcomes of AIS cases treated with limited density pedicle screw constructs. Methods This is a retrospective analysis of 96 patients (89 females and 7 males with mean age of 13.8 ± 4.4 years) with AIS who underwent posterior spinal instrumentation at Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital between 2014 and 2016. Construct characteristics and radiographic measurements were compared preoperatively and at 2 year follow-up using paired t-test. Pearson's correlation coefficient between curve characteristics and metal density was calculated. Results Preoperative coronal Cobb angle was 68.5 ± 6.9°. Flexibility of the curve was 47.5 ± 10.3% based on push-prone films. The mean number of vertebrae in the fusion was 10.7 ± 1.6. The implant density was 62%. The mean postoperative Cobb angle was 18.6 ± 4.2°, giving a mean correction of 72.5 ± 6.8%. Metal density was not correlated with preoperative coronal or sagittal radiographic variables; MT Cobb angle (r = 0.02, p = 0.847), MT curve flexibility (r = 0.129, p = 0.210), preoperative thoracic kyphosis (r = -0.119, p = 0.247) or lumbosacral lordosis (r = -0.048, p = 0.645). There was a significant correlation between the flexibility of the curve as assessed by push-prone radiographs with the percentage correction achieved (r = 0.368, p  less then  0.0001) as well as absolute correction in degrees (r = 0.643, p  less then  0.0001). No significant correlations were present between metal density and MT curve coronal correction rate/percentage (r = 0.086, p = 0.407) or postoperative Cobb angle (r = 0.098, p = 0.344). Conclusion Metal density does not influence the coronal and sagittal correction of AIS. Neither larger nor stiffer curves necessitate high metal density. Level of evidence IV. © 2020 The Authors.Background Biliary injuries after blunt abdominal traumas are uncommon and difficult to be predicted for early management. The aim of this study is to analyze the risk factors and management of biliary injuries with blunt abdominal trauma. Method Patients with blunt liver trauma in the period between 2009 to May 2019 were included in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups for comparison; a group of liver parenchymal injury and group with traumatic biliary injuries (TBI). Results One hundred and eight patients had blunt liver trauma (46 patients with liver parenchymal injury and 62 patients with TBI).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sovilnesib.html  TBI were; 55 patients with bile leak, 3 patients with haemobilia, and 4 patients with late obstructive jaundice. Eight patients with major bile leak and 12 patients with minor bile leak had been resolved with a surgical drain or percutaneous pigtail drainage. Nineteen patients (34.5%) with major and minor bile leak underwent successful endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Sixteen patients (29.1%) underwent surgical repair for bile leak. In Multivariate analysis, the possible risk factors for prediction of biliary injuries were central liver injuries (P = 0.032), high grades liver trauma (P = 0.046), elevated serum level of bilirubin at time of admission (P = 0.019), and elevated gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) at time of admission (P = 0.017). Conclusion High-grade liver trauma, central parenchymal laceration and elevated serum level of bilirubin and GGT are possible risk factors for the prediction of TBI. Bile leak after blunt trauma can be treated conservatively, while ERCP is indicated after failure of external drainage. © 2020 The Authors.The Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna and Karnaphuli (GBMK) River Basin in Nepal, India, and Bangladesh is among the world's most biodiverse river basins. However, human-induced habitat modification processes threaten the ecological structure of this river basin. Among the GBMK's diverse flora and fauna of this freshwater ecosystem, the endemic Ganges River dolphin (Platanista gangetica gangetica; GRD) is one of the most charismatic species in this freshwater ecosystem. Though a >50% population size reduction has occurred since 1957, researchers and decision-makers often overlook the persistence (or evolutionary potential) of this species in the highly fragmented GBMK. We define the evolutionary potential as the ability of species/populations to adapt in a changing environment by maintaining their genetic diversity. Here, we review how evolutionary trap mechanisms affect the dynamics and viability of the GRD (hereafter Ganges dolphin) populations after rapid declines in their population size and distribution. We deteins in South Asian waterways. © 2020 The Authors. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Madagascar is home to 208 indigenous palm species, almost all of them endemic and >80% of which are endangered. We undertook complete population census and sampling for genetic analysis of a relatively recently discovered giant fan palm, the Critically Endangered Tahina spectablis in 2008 and 2016. Our 2016 study included newly discovered populations and added to our genetic study. We incorporated these new populations into species distribution niche model (SDM) and projected these onto maps of the region. We developed population matrix models based on observed demographic data to model population change and predict the species vulnerability to extinction by undertaking population viability analysis (PVA). We investigated the potential conservation value of reintroduced planted populations within the species potential suitable habitat. We found that the population studied in 2008 had grown in size due to seedling regeneration but had declined in the number of reproductively mature plants, and we were able to estimate that the species reproduces and dies after approximately 70 years.