To assess the treatment outcome of custom made maxillary transport distractor appliance for closure of large alveolar clefts.
 
  A pilot study was conducted on 12 large alveolar cleft defects present in 11 non-syndromic cleft lip and palate patients (1 bilateral and 10 unilateral) in the age group of 16-25 years. All the subjects underwent pre-surgical orthodontics followed by alveolar distraction using custom-made distractor appliance. Study models, lateral cephalogram, panoramic radiograph and cone beam computed tomograms were obtained pre-surgically (T0) and after distractor removal (T1). The reduction in the width and volume of the alveolar cleft defect and change in the mesiodistal axial inclination of the teeth in transport segment following distraction were recorded. P value​<​0.05 was considered statistically significant.
 
  Significant reduction in cleft width (9.18​mm), volume (89.82​mm
  ) and the change in the mesiodistal axial inclination of the teeth in the transport segment (3.05°) (P​<​0.05) were observed. SNA (1.75°), ANB (1.58°), maxillary length (1.58​mm), upper incisor inclination (3°) and distal movement of anchorage teeth (0.95​mm) also showed significant change (P​<​0.05).
 
  The custom-made tooth borne distraction appliance successfully closed the large alveolar cleft defect with minimal or no inadvertent effects on the oral tissues.
 The custom-made tooth borne distraction appliance successfully closed the large alveolar cleft defect with minimal or no inadvertent effects on the oral tissues.
  Working length determination is a crucial step for success of pulpectomy. Various new modalities have been developed. The newest technology includes EAL. Electronic apex locators require less chair side time, do not produce pain and avoid unnecessary radiation which makes it more superior in paediatric endodontic procedures.
 
  To evaluate and compare Root ZX mini apex locator and Radiovisiography (RVG) for determining working length in primary molars.
 
  A sample of 30 primary molar teeth was subjected to working length determination by Root ZX mini and RVG. The data was collected and then tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis.
 
  On comparison among two groups, it was found there was no difference between the efficiency of modalities. A positive correlation was seen among Root ZX mini and RVG (ICC​=​0.99).
 
  Root ZX mini and radiovisiography are seen to be precise in determination of working length in primary molars. It can be said that Root ZX mini i. e the electronic apex locators can be used as an adjunct to Radiovisiography and conventional radiography.
 Root ZX mini and radiovisiography are seen to be precise in determination of working length in primary molars. It can be said that Root ZX mini i. e the electronic apex locators can be used as an adjunct to Radiovisiography and conventional radiography.
  Despite the increasing use of adjuvant bisphosphonates for early stage breast cancer (EBC), little is known about the patient experience with such treatments. A patient survey was performed to identify current prescribing practices, perceptions around the role of treatment, the impact of treatment on patients' quality of life, and future trial designs.
 
  EBC patients who had either completed or were currently receiving adjuvant bisphosphonates were sent an anonymized survey.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/epz-5676.html  The survey collected information on patient and disease characteristics, bisphosphonate scheduling, compliance, and tolerance. Questions also assessed patient interest in trials of de-escalated bisphosphonate therapy.
 
  A total of 255 patients were contacted, with 164 eligible respondents (eligible response rate 164/255, 64.3%). Median patient age was 52years (range 28 to 82years). The majority (111/163, 68.1%) were postmenopausal at the time of diagnosis, 23.3% (38/163) were premenopausal, and 7.4% (12/163) were perimenopausal. Most patients (78%) had received chemotherapy. Zoledronate was the most commonly used bisphosphonate (92%), with the majority receiving treatment every 6months for 3years (73%). While 66% (107/161) of respondents had experienced side effects with treatment, most had, or expected to, complete treatment (154/163, 94%). Provided there was no detriment in breast cancer outcomes, there was strong interest in future studies of de-escalating adjuvant bisphosphonate therapy.
 
  While most patients tolerate their treatment, there is interest in performing trials of de-escalation of these agents.
 While most patients tolerate their treatment, there is interest in performing trials of de-escalation of these agents.There is currently a gap in theory for point patterns that lie on the surface of objects, with researchers focusing on patterns that lie in a Euclidean space, typically planar and spatial data. Methodology for planar and spatial data thus relies on Euclidean geometry and is therefore inappropriate for analysis of point patterns observed in non-Euclidean spaces. Recently, there has been extensions to the analysis of point patterns on a sphere, however, many other shapes are left unexplored. This is in part due to the challenge of defining the notion of stationarity for a point process existing on such a space due to the lack of rotational and translational isometries. Here, we construct functional summary statistics for Poisson processes defined on convex shapes in three dimensions. Using the Mapping Theorem, a Poisson process can be transformed from any convex shape to a Poisson process on the unit sphere which has rotational symmetries that allow for functional summary statistics to be constructed. We present the first and second order properties of such summary statistics and demonstrate how they can be used to construct a test statistics to determine whether an observed pattern exhibits complete spatial randomness or spatial preference on the original convex space. We compare this test statistic with one constructed from an analogue L -function for inhomogeneous point processes on the sphere. A study of the Type I and II errors of our test statistics are explored through simulations on ellipsoids of varying dimensions.