MYB-bHLH-WDR transcription factor (TF) complexes (MBWs) regulate Arabidopsis seed coat development including mucilage and tannin biosynthesis. The R2R3 MYBs MYB5, MYB23 and TRANSPARENT TESTA2 (TT2) participate in the MBW complexes with the WD-repeat protein TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1). These complexes regulate GLABRA2 (GL2) and TTG2 expression in developing seeds. Microarray transcriptome analysis of ttg1-1 and wild-type (Ler) developing seeds identified 246 TTG1-regulated genes which include all known metabolic genes of the tannin biosynthetic pathway. The first detailed TTG1-dependent metabolic pathways could be proposed for the biosynthesis of mucilage, jasmonic acid and cuticle including wax ester in developing seeds. We also assigned many known and previously uncharacterized genes to the activation/inactivation of hormones, plant immunity and nutrient transport. The promoters of six cuticle pathway genes were active in developing seeds. Expression of 11 genes was determined in the developing seeds of the combinatorial mutants of MYB5, MYB23 and TT2, and in the combinatorial mutants of GL2, HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS2 (HDG2) and TTG2. These six TFs positively co-regulated the expression of four repressor genes while three of the six TFs repressed the wax biosynthesis genes examined, suggesting that the three TFs up-regulate the expression of these repressor genes which in turn repress the wax biosynthesis genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis identified 21 genes directly regulated by MYB5 including GL2, HDG2, TTG2, four repressor genes and various metabolic genes. We propose a multi-tiered regulatory mechanism by which MBWs regulate tannin, mucilage, jasmonic acid and cuticle biosynthetic pathways. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Eukaryotic chromatin is tightly packed into hierarchical structures, allowing appropriate gene transcription in response to environmental and developmental cues. Here, we provide a chromosome-scale de novo genome assembly of sesame with a total length of 292.3 Mb and scaffold N50 of 20.5 Mb, containing estimated 28,406 coding genes using PacBio long-reads combined with a genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) approach. Based on this high-quality reference genome, we detected changes of chromatin architectures between normally growth and dark treated sesame seedlings. Gene expression level was significantly higher in "A" compartment and TAD boundary regions than in "B" compartment and TAD interior regions, which is coincident with enrichment of H4K3me3 modification in these regions. Moreover, differentially expressed genes induced by dark treated were enriched in the changed TAD-related regions and genomic differential contact regions. Go enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes showed that genes related to "Response to stress" and "Photosynthesis" functional categories were enriched which corresponds to dark treatment. These results suggested that chromatin organization is associated with gene transcription in response to dark treatment in sesame. Our results will facilitate understanding of regulatory mechanisms in response to environmental cues in plants. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Japanese Society of Plant Physiologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Disrespect and abuse during childbirth are violations of women's human rights and an indicator of poor-quality care. Disrespect and abuse during childbirth are widespread, yet data on providers' perspectives on the topic are limited. We examined providers' perspectives on the frequency and drivers of disrespect and abuse during facility-based childbirth in a rural county in Kenya. We used data from a mixed-methods study in a rural county in Western Kenya with 49 maternity providers (32 clinical and 17 non-clinical) in 2016. Providers were asked structured questions on disrespect and abuse, followed by open-ended questions on why certain behaviours were exhibited (or not). Most providers reported that women were often treated with dignity and respect. However, 53% of providers reported ever observing other providers verbally abuse women and 45% reported doing so themselves. Observation of physical abuse was reported by 37% of providers while 35% reported doing so themselves. Drivers of disrespect and abuse incSchool of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.BACKGROUND Motor impairments are pervasive in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) however, children with ASD rarely receive a dual diagnosis of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). The Simons Foundation SPARK study engaged families affected by ASD through an online study. OBJECTIVES The DCD parent questionnaire (DCDQ) was used to assess the prevalence of a risk for motor impairment or DCD in children with ASD between 5 and 15 years of age. DESIGN This paper utilizes parent reports from a large database of children with ASD. METHODS A total of 16,705 parents of children with ASD completed the DCDQ. We obtained our final SPARK dataset (n = 11,814) after filtering the invalid data, using stronger cut-offs to confirm ASD traits, and excluding children with general neuromotor impairments/intellectual delays. We compared DCDQ total and subscale scores from the SPARK dataset to published norms for each age between 5 and 15 years. RESULTS Proportion of children with ASD at-risk for a motor impairment was very high aan Physical Therapy Association.Silicon oxide in the form of hydrated silica (SiO2·nH2O) is a constituent of plant tissues that in certain taxa can make several percent per dry weight. Nonetheless, the formation mechanism of plant silica is mostly unknown. Si is taken up from the soil by roots in the form of mono-silicic acid molecules (H4SiO4). The silicic acid is carried in the xylem and subsequently polymerizes in target sites to silica. In roots of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), silica aggregates form in an orderly pattern along the inner tangential cell walls of endodermis cells. Using Raman micro-spectroscopy, auto-fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy we investigated the structure and composition of developing aggregates in roots of sorghum seedling.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nmda-n-methyl-d-aspartic-acid.html  Putative silica aggregation loci were identified in roots grown under Si starvation. These micrometer-scale spots were constructed of tightly packed modified lignin, and nucleated trace concentrations of silicic acid. Substantial variation in cell wall auto-fluorescence between Si+ and Si- roots demonstrated the impact of Si on cell wall chemistry.