Background Childhood trauma is reliably associated with smaller hippocampal volume in adults; however, this finding has not been shown in children, and even less is known about how sex and trauma interact to affect limbic structural development in children. Methods Typically developing children aged 9 to 15 years who completed a trauma history questionnaire and structural T1-weighted MRI were included in this study (n = 172; 85 female, 87 male). All children who reported 4 or more traumas (n = 36) composed the high trauma group, and all children who reported 3 or fewer traumas (n = 136) composed the low trauma group. Using multivariate analysis of covariance, we compared FreeSurfer-derived structural MRI volumes (normalized by total intracranial volume) of the amygdalar, hippocampal and parahippocampal regions by sex and trauma level, controlling for age and study site. Results We found a significant sex × trauma interaction, such that girls with high trauma had greater volumes than boys with high trauma. Follow-up analyses indicated significantly increased volumes for girls and generally decreased volumes for boys, specifically in the hippocampal and parahippocampalregions for the high trauma group; we observed no sex differences in the low trauma group. We noted no interaction effect for the amygdalae. Limitations We assessed a community sample and did not include a clinical sample. We did not collect data about the ages at which children experienced trauma. Conclusion Results revealed that psychological trauma affects brain development differently in girls and boys. These findings need to be followed longitudinally to elucidate how structural differences progress and contribute to well-known sex disparities in psychopathology. © 2020 Joule Inc. or its licensorsOBJECTIVE Reward deficits and associated striatal circuitry have been implicated in the onset and progression of major depressive disorder (MDD). This work was conducted to clarify how the striatal circuitry is involved in the established risk, acute episodes, and remission of MDD. METHODS Striatal subregion resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) was calculated for 29 currently depressed and 28 remitted patients diagnosed with MDD per the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, 19 first-degree relatives of these patients, and 57 healthy controls (HCs) based on resting-state fMRI data collected between May 2007 and September 2014. RESULTS Compared with HCs, the other 3 groups showed increased RSFC between left dorsal caudate (DC) and right insula but reduced RSFC between right putamen and left cerebellum. The currently depressed group showed increased FC between right DC and superior frontal gyrus but reduced RSFC between putamen and right anterior cingulate as well as other striatal nuclei compared wiients and first-degree relatives might be related to the disease itself and have potential for predicting risk for and recurrence of MDD. © Copyright 2020 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.The use of second-generation antipsychotics has not eliminated tardive dyskinesia (TD), and the prevalence of the disorder is higher than commonly realized. The involuntary movements of TD can decrease patients' quality of life, cause embarrassment, and lead to social withdrawal. Clinicians must evaluate patients taking DRBAs for TD risk factors and regularly screen them for TD using a rating scale. Familiarity with tools and diagnostic criteria will enable clinicians to conduct a differential diagnosis. Once a diagnosis is made, medications approved by the US Food and Drug Administration can be used to treat the condition. These medications are effective, but clinicians should be aware of key differences. A baseline assessment and regular follow-up evaluations will allow the clinician to monitor the patient's progress and make adjustments to meet treatment goals.​. © Copyright 2020 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.BioModelAnalyzer (BMA) is an open-source graphical tool for the development of executable models of protein and gene networks within cells. Based upon the Qualitative Networks formalism, the user can rapidly construct large networks, either manually or by connecting motifs selected from a built-in library. After the appropriate functions for each variable are defined, the user has access to three analysis engines to test the model. In addition to standard simulation tools, BMA includes an interface to the stability-testing algorithm and to a graphical Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) editor and analysis tool. Alongside this, we have developed a novel ChatBot to aid users constructing LTL queries and to explain the interface and run through tutorials. Here we present worked examples of model construction and testing via the interface.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/arry-382.html  As an initial example, we discuss fate decisions in Dictyostelium discoidum and cAMP signaling. We go on to describe the workflow leading to the construction of a published model of the germline of C. elegans. Finally, we demonstrate how to construct simple models from the built-in network motif library. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1 Modeling the signaling network of Dictyostelium discoidum Basic Protocol 2 Modeling the germline progression of Caenorhabditis elegans Basic Protocol 3 Constructing a model of the cell cycle using motifs.Dental implants are very successful medical devices, yet implant failures do occur due to biological and mechanical complications. Peri-implantitis is one such biological complication that is primarily caused by bacteria and their products at the implant soft tissue interface. Bacterial infiltration can be prevented by the formation of a reliable soft tissue seal encircling dental implants. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) has significant chemotactic and proliferative effects on various mesenchymal cell types, including fibroblasts, and therefore can be an effective molecule to enhance the peri-implant soft tissue seal. To overcome the limitations of the recombinant protein form of PDGF-BB, such as cost and the need for supraphysiological doses, we have developed and characterized a titanium surface that is rendered bioactive by coating it with polyethylenimine-plasmid DNA (pDNA) nanoplexes in the presence of sucrose. Human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells and human primary gingival fibroblasts (GFs) were successfully transfected in culture with enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-encoding pDNA or platelet-derived growth factor subunit B (PDGFB)-encoding pDNA loaded into nanoplexes and coated onto titanium disks in a dose-dependent manner.